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Northern Leaf-nosed Bat (Doryrhina stenotis)

The northern leaf-nosed bat is a small insect-eating microbat of northern Australia. On works sites, sandstone caves, boulder piles, old mines and nearby open woodland can support roosting or feeding bats, so clearing and construction can affect habitat and breeding places. It is Vulnerable in Queensland and Near threatened in the Northern Territory, and is treated as an EVNT species for project planning.

Conservation status

Queensland, Nature Conservation Act 1992: Vulnerable.

Northern Territory, Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 1976: Near threatened.

Breeding season

Northern Leaf-nosed Bats give birth between October and January. The species is poorly known, and no regional variation in breeding timing has been documented, so local roost surveys should guide site decisions.

Breeding mode: Live-bearing mammal.

Litter size: One young.

Birth period: October to January.

Gestation: Not recorded.

Fledging and weaning: Not recorded.

Age at maturity: Not recorded.

Breeding and roost sites: Breeding-site details are not recorded. Known roosts are sandstone caves, boulder piles and disused mines.

Timing may vary between years and regions, so check known and potential roosts locally before clearing or construction, particularly from October to January.

  • Breeding and births: Births are recorded between October and January, but mating and peak birthing months are not documented.
  • Dependent young: A single young is produced, but the duration of dependence and the timing of weaning are not recorded.
  • Night-time foraging: Adults are nocturnal and take flying insects low among shrubby vegetation throughout the year.
  • Roost use: Known roosts include sandstone caves, boulder piles and disused mines, with no documented seasonal roost schedule.
  • Highest clearing risk: Clearing, construction or roost disturbance is most likely to harm dependent young or breeding bats from October to January.

Identification: Appearance and size

The northern leaf-nosed bat is a small, slow-flying microbat with a fluttering flight. It can change direction quickly while hunting close to vegetation. Identification in the hand or from acoustic data should be undertaken by an experienced bat ecologist.

The fur is long and grey-brown, with a lighter belly. The bat has narrow, pointed ears and two wart-like projections on its nose-leaf.

Adults weigh 4.6 to 6.4 g. No reliable field measurement is given for body length or wingspan, so weight and features should be considered together during identification.

Identification: Calls and similar species

Like other microbats, the species uses echolocation. Call analysis can help confirm occurrence and activity, but recordings should be assessed by a suitably experienced ecologist because calls can overlap between species.

The main similar species identified for field work is Semon’s leaf-nosed bat. The northern leaf-nosed bat is smaller, with a less prominent nose-leaf and smaller nose-leaf projections.

Identification: Field signs

Species-specific droppings, whitewash, stains, odour and nest signs are not reliable identification features for this bat. Roost evidence should be assessed with the location, roost structure, direct observations and, where suitable, acoustic records.

Look for bats emerging from caves, sandstone cracks, boulder piles and old mines. Do not enter or disturb a suspected roost without a planned assessment, particularly where breeding use is possible.

  • Slow, fluttering flight close to shrubby vegetation.
  • Small leaf-nosed bat using a cave, mine or rocky shelter.
  • Echolocation recordings requiring specialist analysis.

Distribution: Australian range

The northern leaf-nosed bat occurs in northern Australia. Records are concentrated in particular northern regions, so apparently suitable habitat outside known areas should not be dismissed without assessment.

In Queensland, records are from Mount Isa in the Mount Isa Inlier region. In the Northern Territory, the species occurs in the Top End. It also occurs in the western Kimberley of Western Australia.

The mapped Australian states and territories for this profile are Queensland and the Northern Territory. Western Kimberley records are also reported in species information, so regional database checks should be completed before works begin.

  • Queensland, Mount Isa and the Mount Isa Inlier.
  • Northern Territory, the Top End.
  • Western Australia, the western Kimberley.

Distribution: Site planning and records

The species is poorly known in parts of its range. Check current wildlife records, previous survey reports and local mine or cave information before finalising a clearing footprint.

Mount Isa specimens and records may require careful identification. A qualified ecologist should review unusual records and confirm whether a suspected roost or acoustic detection is consistent with this species.

Distribution: Overseas range

The species is treated here as an Australian species. No overseas range is identified for project planning.

Habitat: Vegetation and landforms

Habitat use is strongly influenced by the availability of suitable roosts. On a site, assess rocky features and underground workings together with the surrounding woodland, flood plain and spinifex habitat.

Known habitat includes tall open forest, open eucalypt woodland, flood plains and spinifex hills. Retain assessment areas around these habitats where suitable roost features are present.

Map the relationship between rocky shelters, watercourses, open woodland and shrubby vegetation. Bats may use several habitat elements during one night.

  • Tall open forest.
  • Open eucalypt woodland.
  • Flood plains.
  • Spinifex hills.

Habitat: Roost features on a site

Inspect sandstone caves, cracks in sandstone cliffs, boulder piles and disused mines. Old mine workings can remain suitable even where they appear isolated or partly degraded.

Record entrances, cracks, internal condition, access, evidence of bats and the surrounding vegetation. Include nearby features that may provide alternative roosts or movement routes.

Habitat: Construction survey focus

Before clearing, road works, blasting, mining or changes to old workings, have a suitably qualified person assess all rocky and underground features within the work area and likely impact area.

Treat connected rocky features and adjoining foraging habitat as one assessment unit. Avoid assuming that a site is unused because bats are not seen during a brief daytime inspection.

Foraging habitat: Foraging areas

The northern leaf-nosed bat is nocturnal and feeds on flying insects. It generally hunts low among shrubby vegetation, so ground and mid-storey clearing can reduce feeding opportunities even where large trees are retained.

Look for open eucalypt woodland, tall open forest, flood plains, spinifex hills and shrubby edges near known or potential roosts. The species has a slow, butterfly-like flight and can change direction quickly while pursuing prey.

Retain connected vegetation between roost features and likely feeding areas where practicable. Pay attention to riparian strips, wooded edges and other linear vegetation that may support night-time movement.

Foraging habitat: Diet and activity

Recorded prey include moths, mosquitoes and flies. Feeding occurs at night, often low among shrubs.

Microbats can be affected by changes to insect abundance, artificial light and noise. Keep lighting away from roost entrances and important vegetation links where practicable, and use directed, low-spill lighting for essential works.

Foraging habitat: Survey approach

Use a combination of habitat assessment, dusk and night observations, and specialist acoustic monitoring where a project may affect suitable habitat. Acoustic data can help identify presence and activity, but should not be treated as a substitute for checking potential roosts.

Survey timing and effort should be set by a bat ecologist after reviewing the habitat, season, proposed disturbance and available records. Increase the level of assessment where a project may affect a cave, mine, boulder pile or sandstone cliff.

Breeding habitat: Breeding period

Females are reported to give birth to one young between October and January. The species’ maternity roosts and breeding-site requirements are poorly known, so any occupied or potentially occupied roost should be managed conservatively.

Births are reported between October and January. Avoid disturbance to potential roosts during this period where practicable, especially where bats are present or a maternity roost is suspected.

No species-specific information is available here on gestation, weaning, maturity or the number of females in a maternity group.

Breeding habitat: Potential breeding places

Caves, sandstone cracks, boulder piles and disused mines are known roost features. A roost feature may also be used for breeding, but the species-specific maternity-roost types and colony structure are not well established.

Do not label a feature as non-breeding habitat solely because no young are seen. Use observations, repeated monitoring and expert assessment to determine likely use.

Breeding habitat: Controls during works

In Queensland, the northern leaf-nosed bat is Vulnerable and is protected wildlife. Tampering with a breeding place requires a species management program, so obtain the necessary advice and approvals before disturbing a suspected breeding place.

For projects in the Northern Territory, the species is Near threatened. Apply a precautionary approach to roost disturbance, and confirm any territory-specific approval or fauna management requirements before works begin.

Sheltering habitat: Roost structures

Roosting habitat is a primary consideration for site works. The species is recorded from sandstone caves, sandstone cliff cracks, boulder piles and disused mines, including old mine workings that may be affected by redevelopment or reworking.

Inspect sandstone caves, cracks in sandstone cliffs, boulder piles and disused mines for entrances, sheltered chambers, crevices and signs of bat use.

The species can be difficult to detect while roosting and has been reported to tolerate a person approaching closely. Lack of visible flight or obvious disturbance does not demonstrate that a roost is unused.

  • Sandstone caves.
  • Cracks in sandstone cliffs.
  • Boulder piles.
  • Disused mines and old mine workings.

Sheltering habitat: Roost assessment

Use a staged assessment. Begin with records and a daytime inspection from safe locations, then use emergence observations, internal inspection where safe and lawful, and acoustic monitoring as directed by a bat ecologist.

Do not enter unstable mines, caves or confined spaces without suitable risk controls. Consider rock fall, poor air, flooding, shafts and other site hazards as well as fauna impacts.

Sheltering habitat: Protection during construction

Protect known and potential roosts from destruction, blasting, vibration, dust, altered drainage, blocked entrances and increased human access. Keep construction lighting away from entrances and maintain nearby vegetation where practicable.

Reworking an occupied mine can disturb a colony. Stop work and obtain ecological advice if bats are found in a structure that was not assessed, or if previously unknown roost evidence appears.

Threats: Roost destruction and disturbance

Development can affect this bat through direct loss of roosts, disturbance and removal of feeding habitat. The species has a restricted and poorly known distribution, so controls should be scaled to the habitat and the listing in the relevant jurisdiction.

Mining, blasting, cave modification and reworking of old mines can destroy or disturb roosts. Human entry and increased visitation can also affect cave-roosting bats.

Map and protect roost features before works. Use a specialist assessment and obtain approvals before modifying a cave, sandstone feature, boulder pile or old mine.

Threats: Clearing and habitat loss

Clearing woodland, tall open forest, flood plain vegetation, spinifex habitat and shrubby understorey can remove feeding areas and movement cover. Agricultural degradation can further reduce habitat quality.

Limit the clearing footprint, retain connected vegetation and avoid unnecessary removal of vegetation near known or potential roosts.

Threats: Fire, cats and site operations

Inappropriate fire regimes are a potential threat. Plan fire management to retain suitable woodland, rocky shelter and vegetation around roosts.

Feral cats are also a potential threat. Avoid creating easy access for cats around roost entrances and include cat control in broader land management where relevant.

Threats: Lighting, noise and collisions

Artificial light can delay emergence, alter movement and reduce access to feeding habitat. Construction noise and traffic can interfere with bat activity, while roads and cleared corridors can increase collision and barrier risks.

Use directional lighting with minimal spill, retain vegetated links where practicable, manage vehicle speeds near known activity areas and schedule disruptive works away from confirmed roost entrances and likely breeding use.

Survey methodology: 1. Desktop assessment

The Northern leaf-nosed bat is poorly known and can be difficult to detect. Use a combination of roost inspection, acoustic recording and targeted searches, with effort focused on sandstone formations, boulder piles, old mines and nearby foraging habitat.

Map caves, sandstone cliffs, cracks, boulder piles, disused mines and other potential roosts before field work begins.

Identify tall open forest, open eucalypt woodland, flood plains and spinifex hills that connect roosts with likely foraging areas.

Check available records, including Atlas of Living Australia records and local government, landholder, mine and wildlife databases.

Confirm the current legal status for the project location. The species is Vulnerable in Queensland and Near threatened in the Northern Territory.

  • Ask landholders and mine operators about bats, old workings, cave use and previous inspections.
  • Treat any suspected maternity roost or regularly used roost as a high priority site.

Survey methodology: 2. Roost and habitat searches

Inspect potential roosts during daylight, where access is safe and lawful. Search cave entrances, sandstone cracks, boulder piles and disused mine workings for bats, droppings, staining, odour and roost damage.

Do not enter unstable workings or confined spaces without the required mine, confined-space and safety controls.

Use an experienced bat ecologist for identification. The species can be confused with Semon’s leaf-nosed bat, so record photographs, voucher material and expert confirmation where identification is uncertain.

  • Do not touch bats during a visual inspection.
  • Record the location, structure, access points, internal conditions, evidence of use and any disturbance at each potential roost.
  • Record whether a site appears suitable for breeding, even though species-specific maternity-roost information is limited.

Survey methodology: 3. Acoustic and emergence surveys

Use ultrasonic detectors at potential roosts and along connected edges, drainage lines, wooded corridors and likely low-level foraging areas.

Survey after sunset when bats are active. Repeat surveys across suitable nights rather than relying on a single negative result.

Use calm, dry conditions where possible. Avoid interpreting poor weather, heavy rain, strong wind, excessive background noise or equipment failure as evidence of absence.

Have recordings analysed by a suitably experienced bat ecologist. Acoustic identification should be treated cautiously where calls overlap with other leaf-nosed bats.

  • Record detector model, settings, detector location, date, start and finish time, weather, moon conditions, observer and survey limitations.
  • Record bat passes, feeding buzzes, emergence activity, flight direction and any response to lighting or site activity.
  • Use simultaneous visual observations at cave or mine entrances where safe.

Survey methodology: 4. Survey timing and effort

Plan targeted activity surveys over more than one suitable night and repeat them when a roost is suspected but not confirmed.

Include the warmer months where practicable. Females give birth to a single young between October and January, so treat this period as a higher-risk period for disturbance to breeding places.

The species has no documented migration schedule for routine project planning. Survey likely movement corridors between roosts and foraging habitat instead of assuming that a site is used only seasonally.

  • Increase survey coverage when records are nearby, potential roosts are present, habitat is connected, or construction may affect a cave, mine, boulder pile or sandstone formation.
  • Record survey effort in enough detail for another ecologist to assess the reliability of a negative result.
  • Stop and reassess if bats are detected after the planned survey period or if new roost evidence is found.

Before habitat disturbance: 1. Approvals and permits

Avoid roost loss and disturbance wherever practicable. Before clearing or construction, confirm approvals, identify breeding places and set clear controls that allow work to stop quickly when bats or roosts are found.

Check whether the action needs referral under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. Obtain advice before clearing or construction if the species may be affected or if the project could affect a significant roost.

In Queensland, confirm the species status under the Nature Conservation Act 1992 and obtain any required permits. If work may tamper with a breeding place, confirm whether a species management program is required and obtain Queensland approval before work starts.

In the Northern Territory, check the current permit and approval requirements for a Near threatened species, clearing, mine workings and protected wildlife.

Retain approval conditions, permit copies, survey reports and fauna management plans at the site office.

  • Nominate a responsible environmental manager and an appropriately authorised fauna spotter catcher.
  • Make the approval and stop-work conditions available to supervisors, plant operators and subcontractors.
  • Do not rely on a general clearing approval where a cave, mine or other potential breeding place is affected.

Before habitat disturbance: 2. Avoidance and site design

Retain sandstone caves, cliff cracks, boulder piles and disused mines wherever practicable. Avoid vibration, blasting, lighting, dust, earthworks and access changes near known or suspected roosts.

Retain connected tall open forest, open eucalypt woodland, flood plain vegetation and spinifex hill habitat around roosts where practicable.

Keep roost entrances open and maintain safe flight paths between roosts and foraging areas. Do not block, seal, fill or illuminate an occupied roost.

Use project-specific buffers based on the roost structure, bat activity, noise, vibration, lighting and approval conditions. Do not apply an unverified generic distance.

  • Fence and sign exclusion areas before machinery arrives.
  • Design lighting away from cave, mine and boulder-pile entrances and use the lowest practical intensity.
  • Engage a bat ecologist to set controls where a roost cannot be avoided.

Before habitat disturbance: 3. Pre-clearance checks

Complete a final inspection shortly before disturbance. Recheck potential roosts, access routes, rock piles, mine workings, buildings, culverts and vegetation that will be removed.

Use emergence or acoustic checks where a potential roost may be affected. Inspect again if the work is delayed, the design changes or new habitat is exposed.

Treat October to January as a higher-risk period because females give birth during these months. Schedule work outside this period where practicable, or obtain specialist advice and approval for unavoidable work.

  • Record the inspection date, personnel, locations checked, methods, weather, findings and photographs.
  • Mark all confirmed and suspected roosts on the construction drawings and GPS system.
  • Do not disturb a suspected maternity roost simply to confirm occupancy.

Before habitat disturbance: 4. Induction and exclusion planning

Induct every person who may enter the work area. Explain the species identification features, known roost locations, exclusion areas, hygiene and safety requirements, and the stop-work process.

Prepare a written procedure for injured bats, active breeding places, colonies, roosts and animals found in machinery or materials.

Use exclusion or eviction only under an approved plan and specialist direction. Do not seal an entrance while bats may be inside.

  • Give the fauna spotter catcher authority to stop work without delay.
  • Nominate a wildlife carer, veterinarian and project contact before works begin.
  • Keep suitable containers, gloves and basic first-aid equipment available for authorised wildlife handlers.

During habitat disturbance: 1. Sequential clearing

Use staged, supervised disturbance and keep roost habitat intact wherever possible. The fauna spotter catcher must be able to stop work immediately when an animal, roost or breeding place is found.

Clear in stages from previously disturbed areas towards retained habitat, allowing animals to move away from machinery where safe.

Use low-speed machinery near retained vegetation, rock piles and potential roost structures. Remove loose material carefully and inspect it before loading or crushing.

Keep exclusion areas intact until the environmental manager and fauna ecologist confirm that the relevant work can proceed.

  • Check each work area immediately before disturbance.
  • Direct plant away from caves, mine openings, sandstone cracks and boulder piles.
  • Stop work if a potential roost is damaged, exposed, blocked or unexpectedly occupied.

During habitat disturbance: 2. Handling and stop-work response

Only an authorised and suitably trained person may handle a bat. Do not chase, pull, smoke, spray or remove a bat from a roost without approval and specialist direction.

If a bat is found, stop work, protect the location from people and machinery, and contact the fauna spotter catcher and project environmental manager.

If an active breeding place, colony or roost is found, establish a temporary exclusion area and obtain advice from the relevant wildlife authority and bat ecologist before work resumes.

  • Photograph the animal or roost from a safe distance where this will not increase disturbance.
  • Record the exact location, condition of the animal, roost type, activity, time and immediate actions.
  • Do not relocate bats unless the action is authorised and the receiving site and method have been assessed.

During habitat disturbance: 3. Injured or grounded bats

Treat any grounded, injured or heat-stressed bat as a wildlife incident. Keep people, dogs and machinery away.

Have an authorised wildlife handler place the bat in a secure, ventilated container only when safe to do so. Avoid direct contact and use appropriate bite and infection controls.

Contact the nominated wildlife carer or veterinarian promptly. Do not release an injured bat or place it into an unverified roost.

  • Keep the container in a quiet, dark, temperature-controlled location while advice is obtained.
  • Record injuries, photographs, handling time, destination and the name of the receiving carer or veterinarian.
  • If a bat is dead, do not dispose of it before the relevant identification and reporting requirements are checked.

During habitat disturbance: 4. Site records and compliance

Maintain a daily fauna register for all searches, sightings, stop-work events, injuries, mortalities, roost findings and releases.

Record the species identification basis, including photographs, acoustic files or expert confirmation where relevant.

Report incidents in accordance with approval conditions, permits, the Queensland species management program, or Northern Territory requirements.

  • Include date, time, coordinates, activity, weather, personnel, plant involved and corrective action.
  • Update maps and exclusion areas as new information is obtained.
  • Brief the next shift before work recommences.

After habitat disturbance: 1. Immediate post-clearance checks

Post-clearance checks confirm that controls worked and identify animals or roost features missed during construction. Keep monitoring proportionate to the risk, with more effort where a known roost, breeding place or significant habitat was affected.

Inspect the completed work area, retained habitat, rock piles, cave entrances and mine openings after each clearing stage.

Check for grounded bats, injured animals, blocked entrances, damaged roost structures, loose rock, new light spill and unexpected barriers.

Use acoustic monitoring or emergence checks if a retained roost may have been affected by noise, vibration, lighting or access changes.

  • Complete checks before the next construction stage begins.
  • Remove waste, netting and other hazards that could entangle or trap bats.
  • Keep exclusion fencing in place until the environmental manager confirms that it is safe to remove.

After habitat disturbance: 2. Monitoring and relocated animals

Monitor retained or affected roosts using the same methods and locations used for baseline surveys where practicable.

Record roost use, emergence activity, acoustic detections, signs of breeding, habitat condition, lighting and nearby disturbance.

If an animal was relocated under an approved procedure, confirm its condition and the outcome with the authorised carer or ecologist. Do not assume that release confirms successful settlement.

  • Set the monitoring period and triggers through the approval, species management program or project ecologist.
  • Increase monitoring if bats disappear from a retained roost, mortality occurs, or construction changes the roost environment.
  • Report unexpected results to the relevant authority where required.

After habitat disturbance: 3. Reporting and incident review

Prepare a close-out report covering survey effort, fauna interactions, roost findings, stop-work events, injuries, mortalities, approvals and mitigation performance.

Submit reports within the timeframes set by permits, approval conditions and the Queensland species management program.

Review every incident with the supervisor, fauna spotter catcher and ecologist before similar work continues.

  • Identify the cause of each incident and assign a corrective action, owner and due date.
  • Update the construction environmental management plan and induction material when controls change.
  • Add confirmed records to the project spatial database and provide verified records to the relevant biodiversity database.

After habitat disturbance: 4. Handover controls

Leave permanent roost exclusions, fencing, signage, lighting controls and access restrictions in place where they are needed for the operational phase.

Give the land manager a map of retained roosts, monitoring points, maintenance requirements and emergency contacts.

Ensure future mine, road, fire, vegetation and maintenance activities recognise the roost and habitat controls.

  • Prohibit unauthorised cave or mine entry at known roosts.
  • Inspect signs, fences and lighting controls during routine maintenance.
  • Review controls after major storms, fires, blasting, earthworks or changes in land use.

Rehabilitation actions: 1. Restore native habitat

Rehabilitation should restore connected foraging habitat and protect existing roosts. Replacement structures can help some microbats, but they should not be treated as a substitute for sandstone caves, rock formations or suitable old mine roosts for this species.

Reinstate locally appropriate tall open forest, open eucalypt woodland, flood plain and spinifex hill vegetation where these habitats were disturbed.

Use local native species and retain natural rock, coarse woody debris and ground cover where safe and compatible with the site.

Reconnect retained vegetation with roosts, drainage lines and other wooded movement pathways. Avoid creating abrupt, brightly lit gaps.

  • Remove weeds before planting and maintain weed control until native cover is established.
  • Protect rehabilitated areas from grazing, unauthorised access, erosion and repeat clearing.
  • Use staged revegetation where immediate full restoration is not practicable.

Rehabilitation actions: 2. Protect and restore roost features

Retain natural caves, sandstone cracks, boulder piles and suitable mine workings. Do not fill, seal, clean out or modify a potential roost without specialist assessment.

Where a mine must be made safe, obtain bat advice before closure. Design any treatment to retain safe access and suitable roost conditions where approvals allow.

Avoid placing artificial structures where they block natural roost entrances or increase predator, heat, flooding or human disturbance risks.

  • Repair damaged rock piles with stable, natural-looking materials where this is safe and approved.
  • Control visitor access to sensitive caves and mines.
  • Keep artificial light away from roost entrances and nearby flight paths.

Rehabilitation actions: 3. Replacement roost structures

Use bat boxes or other artificial roost structures only where a bat ecologist confirms that they suit the local species and site. Their suitability for the Northern leaf-nosed bat is not established.

Prioritise replacement or enhancement of sandstone, cave, boulder and mine roost features over generic nest boxes. Nest boxes designed for birds are not a substitute for a bat roost.

Place any approved structure close to retained foraging habitat, with stable temperature, suitable access and protection from predators, flooding, fire and people.

  • Obtain approval before installing, modifying or removing an artificial roost.
  • Record structure type, materials, orientation, height, location, installation date and inspection schedule.
  • Monitor occupancy and condition. Replace or redesign structures only after specialist review.

Rehabilitation actions: 4. Water, fire and lighting

Protect natural drainage, flood plain vegetation and clean water sources that support flying insects and foraging habitat.

Manage fire in accordance with ecological advice, legal requirements and the needs of retained roosts. Avoid high-intensity fire or fuel treatments that damage caves, boulder piles, mines or connected vegetation.

Use shielded, warm-spectrum lighting only where lighting is necessary. Direct light away from roosts, water, vegetation corridors and rehabilitation areas.

  • Prevent sediment, hydrocarbons and chemicals from entering waterways or roosts.
  • Control feral cats and other introduced predators where a site plan identifies a risk and control is lawful and effective.
  • Inspect rehabilitation after fire, flood, drought and major construction changes.

Rehabilitation actions: 5. Long-term monitoring

Monitor vegetation establishment, weed cover, roost condition, artificial structures, light spill and bat activity at intervals set by the approval and project ecologist.

Use repeat acoustic and emergence surveys at the same locations and under comparable conditions where possible.

Review the program if the species is not detected, roost conditions decline, breeding evidence is found, or unexpected disturbance occurs.

  • Record monitoring effort, weather, equipment, detections, roost use and habitat condition.
  • Maintain monitoring until rehabilitation objectives are met and the land manager accepts the handover.
  • Use results to refine fire, weed, lighting, access and roost management.

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