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Wompoo Fruit-dove (Ptilinopus magnificus)

The Wompoo Fruit-dove is a large, colourful rainforest pigeon that occurs along eastern Australia from New South Wales to Cape York Peninsula, with records mapped in New South Wales, the Northern Territory and Queensland. It can be difficult to see in the canopy, but clearing and construction can remove fruiting trees, rainforest remnants and movement corridors. The species is Vulnerable in New South Wales and is treated as an EVNT species for project planning.

Conservation status

New South Wales, Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016: Vulnerable.

Breeding season

Wompoo Fruit-doves breed in Australia from late winter to mid-summer, with breeding commonly recorded from October to February. Timing can vary between regions and years, particularly in northern areas, in response to weather and fruit availability.

Breeding mode: Both sexes build the twig nest, incubate the egg and care for the chick.

Clutch size: One white egg.

Nest site: A small, sturdy platform of twigs, usually 2 to 10 m above the ground, often on a thin branch or palm frond and sometimes over water.

Young raised: One chick is normally raised per season.

Second breeding attempt: A second attempt may occur if the first attempt fails.

Incubation period: Not recorded.

Fledging, weaning and age at maturity: Not recorded.

Timing may shift between northern and southern populations and between years, depending on local weather, rainforest condition and fruiting patterns.

  • Breeding and nesting: Breeding extends from late winter to mid-summer, with the most consistently documented period from October to February.
  • Eggs and dependent young: Eggs and dependent chicks may be present during the breeding period, but hatching and fledging dates are not defined.
  • Fruit feeding and canopy activity: Wompoo Fruit-doves feed throughout the year on seasonal rainforest fruits, usually high in the canopy.
  • Local nomadic movements: Birds move locally across large home ranges as different fruiting trees and vines become available.
  • Highest clearing risk: Clearing and construction have the greatest risk of harming nests, eggs or dependent young from late winter through mid-summer, especially October to February.

Identification: Appearance and size

The Wompoo Fruit-dove is Australia's largest fruit-dove. It is brightly coloured, but often remains hidden among rainforest foliage, so calls and falling fruit are useful detection clues.

Adults have a pale grey head, rich green back and wings, a prominent yellow wing-bar, a plum-purple throat, chest and upper belly, and a yellow lower belly. The bill is orange-red with a yellow tip, and the legs and feet are yellow green.

Both sexes look similar. Young birds are duller and greener than adults. Birds in the north are smaller than birds farther south.

  • Large, heavily built pigeon.
  • Length up to 56 cm, with a commonly cited range of 35 to 45 cm.
  • Flight can be fast and heavy, with loud wing beats.

Identification: Calls and similar species

The main call is a deep, booming 'wompoo'. Another call is described as 'wollack-wa-hoo'. The call can carry a long distance through rainforest and is often the best way to locate a bird that cannot be seen.

Top-knot Pigeons and White-headed Pigeons are more muted in colour. Rose-crowned Fruit-doves and Superb Fruit-doves are much smaller, mostly green birds with bright head and neck markings.

  • Listen from beneath the canopy before moving towards the call.
  • Check the size, grey head, purple breast, yellow belly and yellow wing-bar when a bird is seen.

Identification: Field signs

A regular fall of fruit onto the forest floor can indicate a bird feeding above, although other canopy animals can make the same sound. Fresh droppings may contain fruit material and seeds, but they are not a reliable identification feature on their own.

Nests are small, flat twig platforms and can be difficult to see from the ground. Look for them on thin branches or palm fronds, usually low in the canopy.

  • Distinctive calls from the canopy.
  • Falling figs or other large rainforest fruits.
  • A flimsy or small twig nest, often 2 to 10 m above ground.
  • Heavy wing beats or a ripping-fabric sound during flight through dense vegetation.

Identification: Practical site detection

Survey mature rainforest, fruiting trees and adjoining wet forest quietly. Listen during suitable daylight survey periods and check the canopy above areas where fruit is falling.

Use more than one visit where the species is a possibility. Fruit availability and local movements change through the year, so a single quiet visit should not be treated as proof of absence.

  • Target late summer fruiting figs and late autumn fruiting white cedar where these trees occur.
  • Record calls, flight direction, feeding trees, fallen fruit and any nest location.
  • Keep observers and machinery away from an active nest while the site is assessed by the project ecologist.

Distribution: Australian range

In Australia, the Wompoo Fruit-dove follows the coastal rainforest belt from eastern New South Wales to Cape York Peninsula. It is more common in northern parts of its range and is rare south of Coffs Harbour.

The species occurs along the coast and coastal ranges from the Hunter River in New South Wales through Queensland to Cape York Peninsula. In New South Wales, its main stronghold is remnant rainforest along the Great Eastern Escarpment.

Records and indicative mapping cover New South Wales, the Northern Territory and Queensland. The detailed Australian range described for the species is concentrated along the eastern coastal and coastal-range rainforests.

  • New South Wales, from the Queensland border south to the Hunter River, with breeding mainly north of Coffs Harbour and around the Dorrigo Plateau.
  • Queensland, including south-eastern Queensland, north-eastern Queensland and Cape York Peninsula.
  • Northern Territory, where the species is mapped for project screening, but site records and habitat suitability should be checked carefully.

Distribution: Australian subspecies

Three Australian subspecies are recognised. They occupy geographically separate rainforest blocks along the east coast.

  • Ptilinopus magnificus magnificus, from central eastern New South Wales to central eastern Queensland.
  • Ptilinopus magnificus keri, in north-eastern Queensland.
  • Ptilinopus magnificus assimilis, in northern Cape York Peninsula.

Distribution: Historical and overseas range

The former southern range extended to the Illawarra. The most southerly New South Wales populations have disappeared, most likely following habitat clearance, and the species was last recorded south of Sydney in the 1920s, apart from later unconfirmed records.

The species also occurs in New Guinea.

  • Unconfirmed later records include sites in the Illawarra between 1977 and 1994.
  • Do not use an indicative map as a substitute for a site habitat assessment.

Distribution: Project screening

Treat a site as potentially occupied where it contains mature rainforest, wet sclerophyll forest adjoining rainforest, large fruiting trees or a corridor between rainforest remnants. The species can travel between isolated fragments and may visit individual paddock trees when they are fruiting.

  • Check BioNet, local records and recent ecological reports before clearing.
  • Inspect both the development footprint and connected rainforest within the likely movement area.
  • Use call and canopy observations to confirm presence where habitat is suitable.

Habitat: Vegetation types

The Wompoo Fruit-dove is primarily a rainforest bird. It is most closely associated with mature, warm rainforest and adjoining wet forest, but can also use remnants, regrowth and isolated fruiting trees.

Look for subtropical and tropical rainforest, lowland rainforest on floodplains, and mature rainforest dominated by Ficus species. Low-elevation moist eucalypt forest and brush box forest can also provide habitat where there is a well-developed rainforest understorey.

The species is less common in small fragments and has not been shown to benefit greatly from Camphor Laurel regrowth.

  • Mature rainforest with a closed or well-developed canopy.
  • Remnant and regenerating rainforest.
  • Wet sclerophyll forest adjoining rainforest.
  • Rainforest fragments connected by native vegetation.

Habitat: Landforms and site features

Suitable habitat occurs on coastal ranges, escarpments, floodplains and low to mid-elevation forested country. Core breeding areas in New South Wales include the Mt Warning and Focal Peak shield volcanoes, the Washpool to Chaelundi area and the Dorrigo Plateau.

On development sites, retain the full vegetation structure where possible. Canopy trees, understorey, vines, palms and fallen fruit all help indicate habitat quality.

  • Forested gullies and rainforest on sheltered slopes.
  • Floodplain rainforest and creekside forest.
  • Continuous forest and links between isolated remnants.
  • Large mature figs and other native fruiting trees.

Habitat: Habitat quality

Bird density is higher in extensive rainforest than in remnants or regrowth. A small patch can still be used, especially when it contains fruiting trees or links larger forest areas, so patch size alone should not be used to dismiss habitat.

  • Highest value is generally associated with mature, extensive rainforest.
  • Retain large trees even when they stand in farmland or beside a development footprint.
  • Map canopy connections and narrow forested corridors before finalising clearing limits.

Foraging habitat: Food plants

The Wompoo Fruit-dove feeds almost entirely on fruit and may move locally as different trees come into fruit. Feeding is usually high in the canopy, although birds also use lower forest layers and isolated paddock trees.

The species eats a wide range of rainforest fruits, often swallowing large fruits whole. Figs are particularly valuable, and winter food sources include White Cedar and remnant figs.

  • Ficus species and other large-fruited rainforest trees.
  • Palms and vines.
  • Native trees in families including Lauraceae, Moraceae, Meliaceae, Myrtaceae and Sapindaceae.
  • Fruit from isolated mature paddock trees when available.

Foraging habitat: Foraging areas

Search the upper canopy of mature rainforest, vine-rich edges and trees overhanging clearings or water. Birds may feed alone, in loose groups or in larger feeding flocks when fruit is plentiful.

  • Mature canopy with visible fruit crops.
  • Rainforest edges and connected wet forest.
  • Large figs and other trees shedding fresh fruit.
  • Lower forest layers where fruit is available.

Foraging habitat: Site inspection and management

Map food trees before clearing and identify which trees fruit at different times of year. Removing one large rainforest fig can reduce food availability for many local fruit-doves.

Retain native fruiting trees and restore gaps with locally occurring fruit-bearing species. Protect the surrounding canopy and understorey, not just the trunk of an individual food tree.

  • Record tree species, size, fruiting condition and connection to nearby forest.
  • Avoid unnecessary damage to roots, canopy and vines around retained food trees.
  • Include regeneration and weed control in habitat management plans.

Breeding habitat: Breeding places

Breeding occurs in rainforest and associated wet forest, with the main New South Wales breeding range extending from the Queensland border to Coffs Harbour and the Dorrigo Plateau. Breeding timing can vary with weather and food conditions.

Both sexes build a small, sturdy, flat platform of twigs. The nest is usually placed low in a tree, on a thin branch or palm frond, and may be over water.

Nest height: Usually 2 to 10 m above ground, with some descriptions giving 3 to 10 m.

Clutch: One white egg.

  • Rainforest and remnant rainforest.
  • Mature wet forest adjoining rainforest.
  • Trees or palms with suitable thin supporting branches.
  • Quiet canopy and mid-storey vegetation near fruiting habitat.

Breeding habitat: Breeding season

Breeding in New South Wales is generally from late winter to mid-summer. Other descriptions give October to February, and timing can vary with suitable weather and fruit availability.

  • Treat late winter through summer as a higher sensitivity period.
  • Check suitable trees and palms for nests before vegetation removal.
  • Recheck areas where clearing is delayed or staged.

Breeding habitat: Nest checks on works sites

Nest searches are difficult because the platform is small and the bird often feeds high in the canopy. A qualified fauna ecologist should inspect suitable vegetation before clearing, including retained trees that may be affected by pruning, access tracks, cranes or machinery.

  • Inspect canopy, mid-storey branches and palm fronds from several angles.
  • Listen for adults carrying food or calling near suitable trees.
  • Mark any active nest and establish a site-specific exclusion area with the project ecologist.
  • Suspend works that could affect an active nest until the response is agreed with the relevant authority.

Breeding habitat: Breeding sensitivity

Both parents incubate the egg and care for the chick. Usually one chick is raised per season, although a second attempt may occur if the first fails.

  • Avoid clearing occupied breeding habitat during the breeding season where practicable.
  • Prevent sudden loss of adjoining canopy, food trees and movement routes.
  • Use staged clearing and fauna supervision where habitat cannot be retained.

Sheltering habitat: Shelter features

Specific roost sites and communal sheltering areas are poorly documented. For site planning, assume that dense rainforest foliage, connected canopy and nearby fruiting trees provide shelter and resting opportunities.

The species usually remains concealed in rainforest foliage and spends much of its time in or around the canopy. Dense vegetation is likely to be especially useful where birds are feeding, moving between food trees or resting.

  • Closed rainforest canopy.
  • Dense mid-storey and vine growth.
  • Large trees with broad crowns.
  • Connected vegetation between feeding areas.

Sheltering habitat: Roosting and movement

Roost locations, roost sizes and regular roost schedules are not well documented. The species is locally nomadic and moves through the landscape as fruit ripens, so shelter habitat should be considered across the wider connected forest rather than at one point only.

  • Retain forested corridors between rainforest patches.
  • Avoid creating isolated canopy gaps where alternatives are available.
  • Keep night lighting, noise and repeated vehicle movements away from retained rainforest where practicable.

Sheltering habitat: Works planning

Inspect retained vegetation around access routes, laydown areas and construction edges. A tree outside the clearing footprint can still provide cover or a stepping stone between food trees.

  • Map canopy connections before finalising construction boundaries.
  • Protect retained trees from root compaction, canopy damage and unnecessary pruning.
  • Use local rainforest species in revegetation and corridor repair.

Threats: Clearing and fragmentation

The main risks on works sites are loss and fragmentation of rainforest, damage to mature food trees and degradation of wet forest edges. Fire, weeds and poorly planned access can reduce habitat quality even where complete clearing does not occur.

Coastal development, agriculture, grazing and infrastructure have reduced lowland rainforest and broken larger forests into smaller remnants. Clearing can remove feeding, breeding and shelter habitat and can interrupt movement between fruiting trees.

  • Avoid clearing mature rainforest and wet forest adjoining rainforest.
  • Retain continuous canopy links wherever practicable.
  • Keep construction footprints, access tracks and services out of rainforest remnants.

Threats: Loss of food trees

Large figs and other mature fruiting trees support local fruit-doves. Their removal can reduce food supplies across a much larger area than the tree footprint itself.

  • Retain large Ficus trees and other native fruiting trees.
  • Protect retained trees from root disturbance and canopy damage.
  • Plant locally occurring fruit-bearing trees and shrubs to restore food resources.

Threats: Fire and vegetation degradation

Burning can reduce small rainforest patches and damage the moist understorey. Wildfire and inappropriate fire regimes can also remove fruiting plants and simplify forest structure.

  • Protect rainforest remnants during burn-off and hazard-reduction activities.
  • Use site-specific fire planning around rainforest edges and retained food trees.
  • Prevent machinery and soil disturbance from opening new dry edges into rainforest.

Threats: Weeds and construction disturbance

Invasive weeds can degrade rainforest habitat and limit regeneration. Roads, clearing edges and construction activity can spread weeds and reduce the quality of narrow habitat links.

  • Control weeds before they seed and dispose of material safely.
  • Use clean machinery protocols when moving between infested and intact forest.
  • Regenerate cleared edges with local rainforest species.
  • Include post-construction weed checks and corridor monitoring in the management plan.

Survey methodology: 1. Desktop assessment

Wompoo Fruit-doves are colourful but difficult to see in rainforest canopy. Surveys should combine listening, visual searches and checks for feeding signs, with extra attention to fruiting trees and likely breeding habitat.

Map rainforest, wet sclerophyll forest, brush box forest, regrowth and isolated mature fruit trees before entering the site.

Identify mature figs and other locally occurring fruit-bearing trees, canopy connections, waterways and forested corridors.

Check records, vegetation mapping, threatened species databases and previous ecological reports for the site and nearby habitat.

Treat suitable habitat as potentially occupied where records are absent. The species can move between fragments and follows seasonal fruit.

Survey methodology: 2. Listening and visual searches

Survey quietly beneath the canopy and listen for the deep, booming call, including the sounds described as “wompoo” and “wollack-wa-hoo”.

Watch the canopy, lower forest layers and mature fruiting trees. The birds often remain hidden among foliage.

Check the ground below fruiting trees for freshly fallen fruit. Falling fruit can indicate a bird feeding above, although the sign is not diagnostic on its own.

Use experienced observers who can distinguish the call from other rainforest sounds and confirm records wherever possible.

Survey methodology: 3. Timing and survey conditions

Target surveys when rainforest fruits are available. Late summer figs and late autumn white cedar fruit are useful seasonal cues where those food plants occur.

Include surveys during the breeding period, generally October to February, or more broadly from late winter to mid-summer where local conditions vary.

Survey in calm conditions with low background noise. Avoid relying on a single visit because fruit availability and local movements can change detection rates.

Repeat surveys when the first visit is inconclusive, particularly where clearing affects mature rainforest, fruiting trees or connected habitat.

Survey methodology: 4. Survey records

Record the date, start and finish time, weather, observer names, survey route, observation points and areas searched.

Record calls, visual observations, flying birds, feeding activity, fallen fruit, flock size and the location of each observation.

Map mature figs, other food trees, nests, likely roosting areas, habitat corridors and any signs of breeding activity.

Describe the survey limitations, including noise, wind, poor visibility, access constraints and the extent of canopy that could not be viewed.

Before habitat disturbance: 1. Approvals and permits

Plan works to avoid rainforest habitat, mature food trees and connected forest wherever practicable. Confirm the approval pathway early, then use a targeted pre-clearance survey and a clear exclusion plan before machinery arrives.

Confirm the NSW threatened species requirements before clearing or construction in occupied or suitable habitat. The Wompoo Fruit-dove is listed as Vulnerable in New South Wales.

Confirm the Queensland requirements where the species or its habitat occurs. Near threatened animals are protected wildlife in Queensland, and tampering with a breeding place requires a species management program where applicable.

Confirm whether an EPBC Act referral is required for the whole project and for any other protected matters. The species is not listed under the EPBC Act in the profile, but this does not remove obligations for other matters.

Obtain any required state wildlife, clearing, biodiversity or construction approvals before disturbance. Keep approval conditions and fauna procedures available on site.

Before habitat disturbance: 2. Avoidance and work design

Retain rainforest, wet forest, mature figs and other large fruit-bearing trees wherever possible.

Retain continuous canopy and forested corridors between habitat patches. Avoid isolating small rainforest remnants.

Keep construction compounds, access tracks, stockpiles, lighting and drainage works out of retained habitat where practicable.

Do not assume that Camphor Laurel regrowth replaces mature rainforest food resources. Prioritise native fruiting vegetation and mature forest structure.

Before habitat disturbance: 3. Pre-clearance survey and exclusion plan

Complete a final fauna inspection shortly before works begin, including the canopy, lower vegetation, mature food trees and likely nest locations.

Search for the typical flimsy twig nest, usually placed low in a tree at about 2 to 10 m above ground. Nests may be near water and can be difficult to see.

Mark retained trees, active nests, feeding areas and any other breeding place or sheltering area identified by the ecologist.

Set a site-specific no-go area around any active nest or breeding place. Use the approved plan and the judgement of the project ecologist because a standard species-specific distance is not established in the profile.

Before habitat disturbance: 4. Timing and crew induction

Schedule clearing outside the main breeding period where practicable. Avoid clearing from October to February, especially in known breeding habitat, unless approval conditions allow the work and risks are managed.

Allow for local fruit movements. The species is locally nomadic rather than a known long-distance migrant, so retain food trees and corridors throughout the year.

Induct all workers on the call, appearance, falling-fruit signs, nest features, stop-work requirements and the location of exclusion zones.

Give the fauna spotter catcher authority to stop work immediately when a bird, nest, breeding place or unexpected habitat risk is found.

During habitat disturbance: 1. Sequential clearing

Clear habitat in a controlled sequence from low-risk areas towards retained habitat. Stop work whenever a Wompoo Fruit-dove, active nest or other breeding place may be affected, and allow only authorised personnel to manage fauna.

Clearly mark the approved clearing boundary before machinery starts.

Remove non-habitat vegetation first, then proceed in small, supervised stages towards retained forest. Keep escape routes open into suitable retained habitat.

Inspect each tree and canopy section before felling. Pay particular attention to low twig nests, fruiting trees and vegetation near water.

Do not fell a tree containing a nest, an animal or an unresolved breeding-place risk until the fauna spotter catcher and ecologist have cleared it.

During habitat disturbance: 2. Stop-work and breeding places

Stop work if a Wompoo Fruit-dove is found within the work area, if an active nest is located, or if a breeding place may be damaged.

Withdraw machinery and people from the immediate area. Keep noise and movement low and prevent workers from approaching the nest.

Have the ecologist assess whether the nest is active, whether the work can be redesigned, and whether an approval or species management condition applies.

Do not move a nest, egg, chick or adult bird unless the person is authorised and the action is allowed by the relevant approval.

During habitat disturbance: 3. Handling and injured animals

Allow the bird to leave naturally where it can fly safely into retained habitat. Do not chase it through the canopy.

If capture is necessary, use only an authorised fauna handler with suitable equipment and approval. Minimise handling, noise, heat and exposure.

Place an injured bird in a secure, ventilated container and contact the nominated wildlife carer or veterinarian immediately. Keep the animal dark, quiet and warm unless the veterinarian directs otherwise.

Do not feed, water or release an injured bird without advice from the treating veterinarian or wildlife carer.

During habitat disturbance: 4. Records and communication

Record every stop-work event, animal interaction, nest, breeding place, injury, capture, release and relocation.

Record the location, time, condition of the animal, people involved, action taken, approval or permit reference and photographs where appropriate.

Report incidents to the project ecologist and supervisor immediately, then to the regulator or wildlife authority where required by approval conditions.

Update the site map and daily pre-start briefing after each fauna event.

After habitat disturbance: 1. Post-clearance checks

Complete a careful inspection after clearing and keep monitoring active while construction continues beside retained habitat. Use the results to correct work methods and confirm that approval conditions have been met.

Have the fauna spotter catcher and ecologist inspect the cleared area, tree bases, retained edges and any fallen canopy material before the area is handed back to construction.

Check for overlooked nests, eggs, chicks, injured birds and trapped animals. Reinspect areas where visibility was limited during clearing.

Check retained mature figs and other food trees for damage, root disturbance, canopy loss and changes to access.

Remove temporary hazards such as open pits, unsecured pipes, netting and unfenced water containers.

After habitat disturbance: 2. Relocated or released animals

Record the release or relocation location, habitat condition, time, method, animal condition and handler details.

Release healthy birds only at an approved nearby location with suitable rainforest or connected forest habitat and a clear flight path.

Do not relocate animals away from suitable habitat or across roads and other barriers without ecological advice.

Refer any bird that is weak, injured or unable to fly to a wildlife carer or veterinarian rather than releasing it.

After habitat disturbance: 3. Monitoring and reporting

Monitor retained rainforest, mature food trees and habitat edges during construction, especially during the October to February breeding period and when fruit is abundant.

Use call detections, visual observations and feeding signs to check whether Wompoo Fruit-doves continue to use retained habitat.

Compare observations with the pre-clearing baseline and record changes in habitat condition, noise, lighting, traffic and access to food trees.

Submit fauna records, incident reports, nest outcomes, rehabilitation actions and monitoring results to the project manager, ecologist and relevant authority as required.

After habitat disturbance: 4. Incident review

Review every injury, mortality, nest disturbance, unauthorised clearing event and repeated stop-work event.

Identify whether the cause was poor visibility, inadequate exclusion marking, unsuitable timing, machinery movement, lighting, noise or crew misunderstanding.

Amend the clearing sequence, induction, supervision and exclusion plan before the next work stage.

Escalate repeated or serious incidents under the project approval and environmental management system.

Rehabilitation actions: 1. Restore habitat and food plants

Rehabilitation should rebuild mature rainforest structure and a reliable supply of native fruit. Wompoo Fruit-doves depend on connected forest and large fruiting trees, so planting should be planned for the long term rather than limited to short-term ground cover.

Protect existing rainforest remnants, mature figs and other native fruit-bearing trees before planting new areas.

Use locally occurring rainforest species suited to the soil, moisture and elevation of the site. Include a diverse range of tree, vine and palm species that provide fruit through different seasons.

Reconnect isolated remnants with native canopy and mid-storey planting. Keep corridors continuous wherever practicable.

Do not rely on exotic fruit trees or Camphor Laurel as replacement habitat.

Rehabilitation actions: 2. Manage weeds, water and fire risk

Control invasive weeds before planting and continue follow-up control until native canopy and understorey are established.

Protect rainforest regeneration from grazing, trampling, machinery, altered drainage and uncontrolled access.

Retain natural drainage and protect riparian rainforest, as nests may be placed near water and lowland rainforest can occur on floodplains.

Use fire planning that protects rainforest patches, regeneration areas and mature food trees. Keep burning-off activities away from retained habitat.

Rehabilitation actions: 3. Nest and roost structures

Do not install nest boxes or bat boxes as a substitute for Wompoo Fruit-dove habitat. This species uses an open twig nest rather than a hollow or bat box.

Prioritise retention and regrowth of suitable trees and branches. The species usually places its nest low in a tree, about 2 to 10 m above ground.

Consider an artificial open nest platform only where a species ecologist recommends it for a specific impact site and the relevant authority approves it. Design, placement and maintenance should follow expert advice.

Do not create artificial roost structures unless a project ecologist identifies a demonstrated need. The species does not have a defined communal roost structure in the profile.

Rehabilitation actions: 4. Lighting and disturbance

Keep new lighting away from retained rainforest and habitat corridors. Direct lights downwards and use the lowest effective intensity.

Avoid unnecessary night work near rainforest edges, mature food trees and waterways.

Use screens, shields and timers to prevent light spill into retained canopy and rehabilitation areas.

Manage construction noise, dust and vehicle movement near retained habitat, particularly during breeding and when fruiting trees are in use.

Rehabilitation actions: 5. Long-term monitoring

Inspect planted areas for survival, canopy development, weed control, fruit production and corridor continuity.

Monitor Wompoo Fruit-dove calls, sightings and feeding signs during fruiting periods and the October to February breeding period.

Replace failed plantings with locally suitable native species and repair damaged fencing, drainage or exclusion measures.

Continue monitoring until the rehabilitation area supports connected forest structure and reliable native fruit resources, with the end point set by the approval and project ecologist.

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