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Southern Sandplain Gecko (Lucasium microplax)

The Southern Sandplain Gecko is a small, nocturnal, ground-dwelling diplodactylid gecko of arid and semi-arid Australia. It uses compact and coarse sand, sandy clay and stony country, so clearing, vehicle movement and changes to intact ground shelter may affect habitat even where individuals are difficult to detect.

Conservation status

New South Wales, Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016: Vulnerable.

Breeding season

The Southern Sandplain Gecko is nocturnal, but the supplied documents do not record mating, egg laying, incubation, hatchling or seasonal breeding months. Until local records are available, plan clearing as a year-round risk to concealed terrestrial geckos and any ground-level egg sites.

Reproductive mode: Not recorded. An average clutch of two eggs is reported, but the source does not explicitly confirm the reproductive mode.

Clutch size: Average of 2 eggs.

Incubation: Not recorded.

Size at hatching or birth: Not recorded.

Age at maturity: Not recorded.

Nest or egg sites: Not recorded. The species is associated with compact sand, coarse sand, sandy clay and stony country, but no specific egg-laying site has been described.

Breeding frequency: Not recorded.

Confirm timing locally with targeted nocturnal surveys and site records, and check whether rainfall or temperature triggers seasonal activity or breeding at the project site.

  • Mating: No mating records or months are available. Treat all months as potentially relevant for planning until local observations establish a seasonal pattern.
  • Gravid females: Gravid females have not been recorded, and no gestation or incubation timing is available. Avoid assuming that any month is free of gravid females.
  • Egg laying: An average clutch of two eggs is reported, but egg laying and nest sites are not documented. Use a year-round precautionary setting until local records identify the laying period.
  • Incubation: Incubation length and the months when eggs are present in soil are not recorded. Retain suitable compact or coarse sand, sandy clay and stony ground during works in any month.
  • Hatchlings: Hatchling emergence and juvenile timing are not recorded. Treat young geckos as potentially present throughout the year where suitable terrestrial habitat remains.
  • Active period: The species is reported as nocturnal, with no shortest or longest active season and no months stated. No seasonal activity peak can be identified.
  • Winter inactivity: Brumation, hibernation and other seasonal inactivity are not recorded. Do not assume that winter provides a low-risk period for clearing concealed ground refuges.
  • Highest clearing risk: No species-specific high-risk months are documented. Treat clearing as a year-round risk because nocturnal animals may shelter in ground-level cover, while breeding, egg and hatchling periods are unknown.

Identification

This is a small, cylindrical gecko with a triangular head, large eyes, fine limbs and a tapering tail. Identification in the field should be confirmed carefully because it forms part of the former Lucasium stenodactylus species complex.

The background colour in life is dark reddish brown. A pale beige vertebral stripe has straight, well-defined edges and forks at the neck, continuing above and through the eye towards the snout. The sides carry pale yellow spots that may join the vertebral stripe or neighbouring spots. The eyelid margins may show yellow or sulphur pigmentation, and the tail has pale dorsal blotches.

The body is cylindrical with a flat underside. The head narrows to a rounded snout, the ear opening is small and oval, and the five fingers and five toes are covered by fine scales. The tail is relatively short, with a reported tail length of about 70 percent of snout to vent length, although the holotype had a regenerated tail measuring 61.2 percent of snout to vent length.

Maximum recorded snout to vent length: 55.5 mm

Holotype snout to vent length: 51.5 mm

Holotype tail length: 31.5 mm, regenerated

Computed maximum body mass: 3.38 g

Identification: Features separating similar geckos

The species has very small paired terminal apical plates that do not extend beyond the edges of the digits. The rostral scale usually makes point contact with the nostril, and the rostral has a crease extending about one third of the way into the scale from its dorsal edge.

Males and females usually have two precloacal pores, one on each side, and males have two enlarged cloacal spurs on each side of the tail. Compared with Lucasium stenodactylus, the Southern Sandplain Gecko has a darker, more uniform brown background, higher-contrast pale spots, a shorter tail, smaller apical plates and usually only two precloacal pores. These characters should be used together rather than relying on colour alone.

Identification: Field signs and detection

The supplied sources do not describe diagnostic tracks, scats, calls, nests, sloughs or eyeshine. The species is nocturnal, so direct searches should prioritise suitable ground habitat after dark and should avoid treating the absence of daytime observations as evidence of absence.

For project work, any captured gecko should be photographed and examined for the dorsal stripe and spots, rostral to nostril contact, small terminal apical plates, tail proportions and precloacal pores. Identification should be referred to an experienced reptile ecologist where the former L. stenodactylus complex may occur.

Distribution: National range

The Southern Sandplain Gecko occurs across inland Australia, with most specimen records from South Australia. The supplied taxonomic account records a broad but patchy range extending into five states and territories.

In South Australia, records are widespread across inland areas. In Western Australia, the species is known from Blackstone and Warburton near the South Australia and Northern Territory border. In the Northern Territory, it occurs in the central south and extends north to the Barrow Creek area.

In Queensland, records extend through the Simpson Desert in the south-west, east to Welford National Park and south to Bullo Downs. In New South Wales, records are from the extreme north-west, including Sturt National Park, Milparinka and Thurloo Downs.

  • South Australia: the main part of the documented range and the area with most specimen records.
  • Western Australia: Blackstone and Warburton area near the South Australia and Northern Territory border.
  • Northern Territory: central southern areas north to Barrow Creek.
  • Queensland: Simpson Desert, Welford National Park and Bullo Downs area.
  • New South Wales: extreme north-west, including Sturt National Park, Milparinka and Thurloo Downs.

Distribution: Bioregions and known records

The supplied sources specifically identify the Simpson Desert biogeographic subregion in Queensland as part of the range. The broader distribution described in the taxonomic revision covers inland arid and semi-arid country across South Australia, the southern Northern Territory, adjoining Western Australia, south-western Queensland and north-western New South Wales.

The Queensland government dataset recorded 21 sightings and 4 specimens for the species in the Simpson Desert subregion. These are database records, not an estimate of abundance or population size.

Simpson Desert subregion records: 21 sightings and 4 specimens in the supplied Queensland dataset.

Population size: Not reported in the supplied sources.

Population trend: The supplied sources do not provide a species-specific trend. A separate dataset summary reports stable, but the basis and assessment details are not given in the supplied material.

Distribution: Subpopulations and range limits

The taxonomic revision describes an unusual distribution that broadly follows the borders of South Australia. It also records an area of overlap with Lucasium stenodactylus in south-central Northern Territory, although no syntopic locations were known at the time of publication.

The authors note that further field work in adjoining states and territories is needed to clarify the geographic extent, habitat preferences and contact between the two species.

Habitat: Substrate and ground structure

The species is associated with inland arid and semi-arid ground habitats rather than a named vegetation community. Substrate condition appears to be more informative than vegetation type in the supplied sources.

Recorded habitat includes compact sand, coarse sand, sandy clay and stony country. The species is not known from gibber, cracking clay or soft dune sand.

The sources do not identify particular plant communities, dominant plant species, canopy cover, elevation limits or climatic thresholds. Habitat assessment should therefore record substrate type, surface stability, stones, ground litter and other available ground shelter rather than relying only on vegetation mapping.

  • Prioritise intact areas of compact or coarse sand, sandy clay and stony ground.
  • Record whether the site contains excluded substrates, including gibber, cracking clay and soft dune sand.
  • Map connected areas of suitable ground habitat because the species is terrestrial and may be affected by loss of surface shelter.

Habitat: Project habitat screening

On development sites, suitable habitat may occur beneath sparse inland vegetation where the ground surface appears open. The absence of dense vegetation should not be used to discount habitat.

The supplied sources do not provide a minimum patch size, elevation range, vegetation association or home range. These values should not be assumed during impact assessment.

Foraging habitat: Known information

The supplied sources do not report the species' diet, prey taxa, feeding rates, hunting method or foraging range. It is a nocturnal terrestrial gecko, so foraging habitat should be assessed at ground level across the substrate types where it is recorded.

No species-specific information is supplied on whether the Southern Sandplain Gecko eats arthropods or other prey, although it is a small terrestrial gecko. No key food plants or prey species are identified.

No foraging distance, home range or density has been reported in the supplied documents.

Diet: Not reported in the supplied sources.

Foraging range: Not reported in the supplied sources.

Feeding period: The species is reported as nocturnal.

Foraging habitat: Field application

During habitat assessment, inspect the full ground layer within suitable compact sand, coarse sand, sandy clay and stony areas. Retain connected ground habitat and avoid assuming that cleared or sparsely vegetated areas have low value without targeted survey.

  • Plan nocturnal searches in suitable substrate because the species is nocturnal.
  • Record the substrate and ground cover at each detection rather than recording only the vegetation community.
  • Treat retained habitat separated by roads, compounds or other hard surfaces as potentially less functional until connectivity and shelter are assessed.

Breeding habitat: Breeding biology

The supplied material confirms an average clutch of two eggs but does not provide a breeding season, incubation period, maturity age or breeding-site description. Breeding habitat is therefore best defined from the species' documented terrestrial substrate associations and any site-specific observations.

Breeding season: Not reported in the supplied sources.

Clutch size: Average of 2 eggs.

Gestation or incubation: Not reported in the supplied sources.

Age at maturity: Not reported in the supplied sources.

Lifespan: Up to 5 years reported in the supplied species summary.

Breeding habitat: Breeding habitat features

No nest or egg-laying site has been described in the supplied documents. The species is terrestrial and has been recorded on compact sand, coarse sand, sandy clay and stony country, so these substrates should be retained wherever they occur within occupied or potentially occupied habitat.

Do not infer that soft dune sand, gibber or cracking clay provides breeding habitat for this species because the taxonomic account states that it is not known from those substrates.

  • Retain suitable compact and coarse sand, sandy clay and stony ground within connected habitat.
  • Avoid disturbing potential egg-laying or shelter sites during the breeding period until species-specific seasonal information is available.
  • Record any eggs, juveniles or repeated adult detections and submit observations for local seasonal assessment.

Sheltering habitat: Known refuge information

Specific refuge types have not been documented for the Southern Sandplain Gecko in the supplied sources. Its small, terrestrial form and substrate associations indicate that ground-level shelter should be retained and assessed during clearing.

The supplied documents do not identify burrows, dens, rock crevices, hollows, logs, leaf litter, shelter dimensions or daytime retreat sites. They also do not provide evidence of communal sheltering.

The species has been recorded on compact sand, coarse sand, sandy clay and stony country. These ground features may provide shelter opportunities, but the specific refuge structures used by the species remain unconfirmed.

Documented refuge type: None specified in the supplied sources.

Documented refuge size: Not reported.

Daytime shelter use: Not reported.

Sheltering habitat: Clearing and handling practice

Before clearing, inspect and retain ground-level shelter such as stones, compacted soil margins, surface litter and other natural cover within suitable substrate. Use an approved fauna spotter catcher where required, particularly because the species is nocturnal and may remain concealed during daytime works.

The supplied sources do not support a species-specific direction for staged clearing, refuge dimensions or translocation distance. These measures should follow the relevant approval conditions, state requirements and site-specific ecological advice.

Threats: Clearing and fragmentation

The supplied sources do not present a formal species-specific threat assessment. Because the Southern Sandplain Gecko is a small terrestrial species tied to particular ground substrates, direct removal and disturbance of suitable ground habitat are the main project risks that can be identified from the available information.

Clearing of compact sand, coarse sand, sandy clay or stony country may remove habitat. Roads, construction pads, trenches and other hard surfaces may divide remaining ground habitat and reduce movement between suitable areas.

The species is not known from gibber, cracking clay or soft dune sand, so replacement habitat should not be assumed to compensate for loss of its documented substrate types.

  • Avoid clearing suitable substrate where practicable.
  • Keep temporary work areas, access tracks and laydown areas out of intact suitable ground habitat.
  • Maintain connections between retained patches where the project occurs within the documented range.

Threats: Roads, vehicles and construction

Vehicle movements and earthworks can crush animals or alter the compactness, cover and structure of the ground surface. Night lighting and night works may also interfere with detection and handling because the species is nocturnal, although a species-specific lighting response is not reported.

  • Use defined access routes and minimise off-road driving across suitable substrate.
  • Apply fauna management procedures to trenches, excavations and stockpiles during construction.
  • Schedule nocturnal works and fauna searches in consultation with the project ecologist.

Threats: Fire, predators, disease and hydrology

The supplied sources do not report species-specific effects of fire, introduced predators, disease or hydrology change. Site risk assessments should still consider these pressures where they alter the compact sand, sandy clay, stony ground or surface shelter used by the species.

No disease, predator, fire regime or water dependency is identified in the supplied documents. Avoid presenting these factors as confirmed threats without local evidence.

  • Record whether fire, flooding, drainage works or erosion have changed the documented substrate types.
  • Manage domestic and construction waste that may attract introduced predators around retained habitat.
  • Seek local advice before applying fire or changing drainage in known or potential habitat.

Threats: Conservation status and survey limits

The species is not listed under the EPBC Act and is identified as Vulnerable in New South Wales in the supplied project information. The Queensland dataset cautions that absence from a particular report does not demonstrate absence from the area.

The taxonomic account also notes that the geographic boundary with Lucasium stenodactylus needs further field work. Identification and impact assessment should therefore allow for uncertainty in areas where the two species may occur.

EPBC Act: Not listed in the supplied project information.

New South Wales status: Vulnerable in the supplied project information.

Survey record limitation: A species not listed in a local dataset may still be present.

Survey methodology: 1. Habitat inspection and sign search

Lucasium microplax is a small, terrestrial, nocturnal gecko. The available documents do not provide a species-specific survey guideline, so project surveys should use general nocturnal reptile methods and target the species’ known substrate preferences.

Inspect all proposed disturbance areas and nearby retained habitat during the day before nocturnal work begins.

Target compact sand, coarse sand, sandy clay and stony country, because these are recorded habitats for the species.

Do not treat gibber, cracking clay or soft dune sand as preferred habitat for this species, although associated reptile habitat should still be assessed.

Known habitat substrates: Compact sand, coarse sand, sandy clay and stony country

Substrates where the species is not known: Gibber, cracking clay and soft dune sand

  • Record substrate, ground cover, surface shelter, tracks, burrows, rocks, logs and the condition of adjoining retained habitat.
  • Map habitat patches, proposed clearing limits, access tracks and any connected areas of suitable ground habitat.

Survey methodology: 2. Night searches and spotlighting

Search at night because the species is reported as nocturnal and lives terrestrially.

Use quiet walking searches and spotlighting across suitable ground habitat, including the proposed work area, retained habitat edges and access routes.

Search when visibility is adequate and avoid conditions that make safe movement or identification unreliable, recording weather and ground conditions for each survey.

Activity period: Nocturnal

Greatest recorded snout to vent length: 55.5 mm

  • Use a consistent transect route or search area and record the start time, finish time, route length or area searched, observers and search conditions.
  • Look for a small gecko with a dark reddish-brown background, pale yellowish side spots and a pale vertebral stripe with straight edges.
  • Record each observation with a location, photograph where possible and identification notes, because the species can resemble other Lucasium geckos.

Survey methodology: 3. Additional nocturnal reptile methods

Where project risk, habitat extent or approval conditions require more than active searches, use general reptile survey methods suited to arid sandy habitats, such as systematic searches of surface shelter and suitable artificial refuge surveys.

Select trap types, trap placement, checking frequency and survey duration through the project’s qualified ecologist and the relevant state survey requirements, because the supplied documents give no species-specific trapping effort.

Do not place traps or artificial refuges in a way that increases heat, dehydration, predation or vehicle risk.

  • Obtain any required scientific, animal ethics or wildlife survey approvals before trapping, handling or marking reptiles.
  • Use experienced personnel who can distinguish Lucasium microplax from similar terrestrial geckos and release animals promptly at the capture location or an approved nearby release site.

Survey methodology: Minimum effort and reporting

  • Survey every suitable habitat patch within the disturbance footprint and inspect adjoining retained habitat that could receive relocated fauna.
  • Repeat nocturnal searches when initial conditions are unsuitable or when the project’s approval or state survey guidance requires repeat visits.
  • Record survey dates, start and finish times, weather, substrate, effort, observers, methods, GPS locations, photographs and all detections or non-detections.
  • Submit confirmed records to the relevant state wildlife database and provide records required by the project approval or fauna management plan.
  • Report the survey limitations clearly, including areas not searched, access restrictions, unsuitable conditions and taxonomic uncertainty.

Before habitat disturbance: Avoid and minimise

Before clearing or construction, identify suitable ground habitat and retain as much connected habitat as the project allows. The species is listed as vulnerable in New South Wales in the supplied project information, while the supplied information states that it is not listed under the EPBC Act.

Redesign the footprint, laydown areas, access routes and spoil areas to avoid compact sand, coarse sand, sandy clay and stony ground where the species may occur.

Retain connected patches of suitable ground habitat, especially where they link larger areas of intact arid or semi-arid habitat.

Keep surface shelter and ground structure in retained areas, including suitable rocks, logs, leaf litter and low vegetation, unless removal is required for safety or an approved management action.

  • Use existing disturbed corridors where practicable instead of clearing new habitat.
  • Keep vehicles, materials, spoil and washdown activities out of retained habitat.
  • Define no-go areas on plans and on the ground before machinery arrives.

Before habitat disturbance: Approvals and work planning

Check the current Commonwealth and state conservation listings before works commence, because the supplied listing information identifies New South Wales as vulnerable and the species’ range includes several Australian jurisdictions.

Obtain any state permits required for taking, handling, trapping, relocating or keeping native reptiles during the works.

Confirm whether an EPBC Act referral or other Commonwealth approval is required for the project, noting that the supplied information states the species is not currently EPBC listed.

  • Prepare a fauna management plan that names the ecologist, fauna spotter catcher, authorised handlers, release areas, emergency contacts, stop-work triggers and reporting pathway.
  • Stage clearing so that fauna can move into connected retained habitat before machinery enters each work area.
  • Schedule noisy or ground-disturbing work outside periods identified by the project ecologist as likely to reduce safe nocturnal movement or increase heat exposure.

Before habitat disturbance: Pre-clearance preparation

Complete a pre-clearance inspection of each work area, with a nocturnal search of suitable habitat before clearing.

Mark retained habitat, exclusion zones, rocks, logs, burrows, refuge sites and other features that must not be disturbed.

Install exclusion fencing only where it can be securely joined to existing barriers, checked regularly and operated without trapping reptiles inside the work area.

  • Brief all workers and machine operators on the species’ appearance, nocturnal activity, habitat and the project stop-work procedure.
  • Ensure the spotter catcher has safe access, lighting, containers, tools and a documented release plan before clearing starts.
  • Remove waste, food and other attractants that could increase predator activity around retained habitat.

During habitat disturbance: Daily controls

Clearing should proceed slowly and under direct fauna supervision. The spotter catcher must be able to stop machinery before an animal or habitat feature is damaged.

Inspect exclusion fencing, gates, retained habitat and work limits at the start of every shift.

Use a fauna spotter catcher during clearing and ground disturbance in suitable habitat, with the authority to stop work when fauna or an unsafe condition is detected.

Keep machinery within approved limits and maintain a clear escape route towards retained habitat where safe to do so.

  • Use low-speed, staged clearing and remove ground cover progressively rather than pushing large areas at once.
  • Do not leave excavations, trenches, spoil piles or uncovered containers open without escape measures or inspection arrangements.
  • Stop work immediately if an animal is found in the active work area, if a protected habitat feature is unexpectedly encountered, or if the spotter catcher cannot safely observe the work.

During habitat disturbance: Fauna handling and relocation

If a gecko is found, stop the relevant activity and allow the authorised fauna handler to assess it before work resumes.

Limit handling to trained and authorised personnel acting under the fauna management plan and applicable permits.

Release an uninjured animal into nearby suitable retained habitat, using a location and method approved by the project ecologist and state authority.

  • Use a clean, secure, ventilated container for temporary holding and keep the animal shaded and protected from heat.
  • Do not place the animal on gibber, cracking clay or soft dune sand when selecting a release site, because the species is recorded from compact sand, coarse sand, sandy clay and stony country instead.
  • Send an injured animal to an appropriately qualified veterinarian or authorised wildlife carer and record the transfer.

During habitat disturbance: Habitat features and records

Treat rocks, logs, ground debris, burrows and other surface refuges as potential reptile shelter during clearing, even though the supplied species account does not identify a single feature as essential.

Have the fauna spotter catcher inspect or supervise the disturbance of each retained or movable refuge feature before it is moved or removed.

Record every capture, relocation, injury, death, escape, stop-work event and unexpected habitat feature with date, time, location, action and outcome.

  • Do not move a refuge feature until the spotter catcher has checked underneath and around it where this can be done safely.
  • Report any death or injury immediately through the project incident process and to the relevant authority where required by approval conditions.
  • Keep daily fauna records with the project environmental records and include negative results, not only captures.

After habitat disturbance: Post-clearance checks

Post-clearance checks confirm that animals have not been left in the work area and that controls remain effective. Follow-up should focus on retained suitable habitat and any relocation sites.

Inspect the cleared area, exclusion fencing, trenches, spoil areas and retained habitat edges after each clearing stage and before the next stage begins.

Repeat nocturnal searches where the spotter catcher, ecologist or approval conditions identify a risk that a gecko remains within the work area.

Check relocation sites for signs of disturbance, heat exposure, predation risk and barriers to movement into retained habitat.

  • Remove temporary fauna hazards when they are no longer needed.
  • Repair or remove exclusion fencing so that it does not create a permanent movement barrier unless it forms part of an approved design.
  • Record inspection dates, personnel, locations, findings and corrective actions.

After habitat disturbance: Monitoring and reporting

Monitor retained and rehabilitated suitable habitat using repeat nocturnal searches or another method approved by the project ecologist.

Use the same routes, search areas and recording fields where repeat monitoring is undertaken so results can be compared between visits.

Report all confirmed records to the relevant state wildlife database and to the approval authority where required.

  • Compare post-work observations with pre-clearance records, while recognising that a non-detection does not prove local absence.
  • Report habitat loss, unexpected records, mortality, relocation outcomes and control failures in the project completion report.
  • Maintain fauna controls until the environmental representative confirms that construction risks have ended.

After habitat disturbance: Offsets and residual impacts

Assess any unavoidable loss of suitable habitat under the applicable state and Commonwealth approval frameworks.

Use approved avoidance, mitigation, rehabilitation or offset measures where residual impacts remain and an approval requires them.

Document the area and substrate type of habitat disturbed, retained and restored, rather than reporting only the total project footprint.

  • Reassess the need for additional management if monitoring identifies continuing mortality, isolation of retained habitat or use of the work area by the species.
  • Keep approval correspondence, permits, survey data, incident reports and rehabilitation results with the project environmental record.

Rehabilitation actions: Restore ground habitat

Rehabilitation should recreate connected, undisturbed ground habitat rather than simply revegetating the site. The target condition is based on the species’ recorded use of compact sand, coarse sand, sandy clay and stony country.

Replace suitable surface material and contour disturbed ground so that compact sand, coarse sand, sandy clay or stony microsites are available where appropriate to the local setting.

Retain or reinstate locally sourced rocks, logs and other safe ground refuges that were present before disturbance.

Avoid creating soft dune sand, cracking clay or gibber as the only replacement substrate, because the species is not known from those substrates.

  • Remove compacted construction pads, excess spoil and temporary access material from areas scheduled for rehabilitation.
  • Use local provenance plant material where revegetation is required and select species appropriate to the pre-clearing arid or semi-arid community.
  • Prevent weed establishment so that ground cover and refuge structure develop in a condition suitable for terrestrial reptiles.

Rehabilitation actions: Connectivity and threat control

Link rehabilitated patches to retained suitable habitat wherever the project layout permits.

Control introduced predators, pest animals and domestic animal access where they are identified as project risks and where control is lawful and approved.

Plan fire management with the land manager so that fuel treatment does not remove all ground cover or surface refuge from retained and rehabilitated habitat.

  • Keep vehicle access off rehabilitated ground until the environmental representative confirms that the surface and refuge structure are stable.
  • Do not install barriers that prevent movement between retained and restored habitat unless they are required for safety and approved in the management plan.
  • Replace damaged refuge features after maintenance or follow-up works.

Rehabilitation actions: Success measures and follow-up

Monitor whether the restored area retains the intended substrate, ground shelter, vegetation cover and connection to retained habitat.

Use repeat nocturnal searches to check for Lucasium microplax or other terrestrial reptiles after rehabilitation, applying the same effort and route where comparisons are needed.

Continue monitoring for the period specified by the approval or fauna management plan, because the supplied documents do not provide a species-specific rehabilitation timeframe.

  • Set measurable completion criteria for substrate stability, weed control, refuge reinstatement, access exclusion and connection to retained habitat.
  • Record rehabilitation inspections, maintenance, fauna observations and corrective actions.
  • Submit confirmed species records to the relevant state wildlife database and include rehabilitation outcomes in the final environmental report.

Sources