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Southern Giant-Petrel (Macronectes giganteus)

The Southern Giant-Petrel is a large seabird of the Southern Ocean, recorded in Australian waters and regularly seen off south-eastern Australia and Tasmania over winter. It uses marine waters from Antarctic to subtropical regions.

Conservation status

Commonwealth, EPBC Act 1999: Endangered.

New South Wales, Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016: Endangered.

Victoria, Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988: Endangered.

Queensland, Nature Conservation Act 1992: Endangered.

South Australia, National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972: Vulnerable.

Tasmania, Threatened Species Protection Act 1995: Vulnerable.

Commonwealth, EPBC Act 1999: Listed migratory. Listed migratory species are a matter of national environmental significance, so a significant impact needs referral.

Commonwealth, EPBC Act 1999: Listed marine. A listed marine species under Part 13 of the EPBC Act. Killing, injuring, taking or moving it in a Commonwealth area needs a permit.

Seasonal planning

At Nelly and Hawker Islands, colony attendance begins in June or July, breeding continues through summer, and fledglings are present into April.

Seasonal evidence: From published sources for this species.

Timing varies between sites and years.

  • Breeding and colony attendance: At Nelly and Hawker Islands, colony attendance begins in June or July, breeding continues through summer, and fledglings are present into April.

Identification: Appearance

Adults can be distinguished from Northern Giant-Petrels by their greenish bill tip.

Adults can be distinguished from Northern Giant-Petrels by their greenish bill tip.

Identification: Confirming identity

Confirm the identity of any suspected record with a specialist and a photograph or voucher, as required by the relevant permit.

Distribution: Known range

It has a circumpolar pelagic range from Antarctica to about 20° south and is a common visitor off the NSW coast. It is regularly seen in south-eastern Australian and Tasmanian waters over winter.

It has a circumpolar pelagic range from Antarctica to about 20° south and is a common visitor off the NSW coast. It is regularly seen in south-eastern Australian and Tasmanian waters over winter.

Distribution: National mapping

The Commonwealth species distribution model (SNES) maps where the species or its habitat is known, likely or may occur. Use it with local records and site inspection.

Habitat: Habitat

It occurs in marine waters from Antarctic to subtropical regions. Breeding sites include ice-free coastal areas and islands, with nests on rocky bluffs, open flats, plateau edges and offshore rocks.

It occurs in marine waters from Antarctic to subtropical regions. Breeding sites include ice-free coastal areas and islands, with nests on rocky bluffs, open flats, plateau edges and offshore rocks.

Foraging habitat: Diet

It feeds primarily on carrion, searching near shore for seal and penguin carcasses washed ashore.

It feeds primarily on carrion, searching near shore for seal and penguin carcasses washed ashore.

Breeding habitat: Breeding

Over summer, it nests in small colonies among open vegetation on Antarctic and subantarctic islands. It lays a single egg annually, and the breeding cycle takes about 180 days.

Over summer, it nests in small colonies among open vegetation on Antarctic and subantarctic islands. It lays a single egg annually, and the breeding cycle takes about 180 days.

Sheltering habitat: Shelter

Not documented in the published sources used for this profile.

Not documented in the published sources used for this profile.

Threats: Threats

Incidental capture and mortality in longline and trawl fisheries are identified threats. Plastic ingestion, pollution and human disturbance are also noted.

Incidental capture and mortality in longline and trawl fisheries are identified threats. Plastic ingestion, pollution and human disturbance are also noted.

Threats: Works risk

Human disturbance may affect the species, particularly around breeding sites. Longline and trawl fishing can cause incidental capture and mortality, and plastic pollution is also identified as a threat.

Survey methodology: 1. Commonwealth guidance

Use methods consistent with the Commonwealth survey guidelines and engage a specialist with the right permits.

For EPBC Act referrals, survey effort and methods should be consistent with the survey guidelines for Australia's threatened birds, read with the Significant impact guidelines 1.1.

Survey methodology: 2. Limits

A non-detection is not proof of absence. Match survey timing to the species and season, and record effort.

Vegetation associations

Source-checked associations and automatically indexed candidates are separated below. An association does not establish site presence, preference or dependence.

No species-specific vegetation association has been indexed or source-checked in this evidence library. This is an evidence gap, not evidence of no association.

Ecosystem associations

Source-checked associations and automatically indexed candidates are separated below. An association does not establish site presence, preference or dependence.

No species-specific ecosystem association has been indexed or source-checked in this evidence library. This is an evidence gap, not evidence of no association.

Soil and substrate associations

Source-checked associations and automatically indexed candidates are separated below. An association does not establish site presence, preference or dependence.

No species-specific soil association has been indexed or source-checked in this evidence library. This is an evidence gap, not evidence of no association.

Water and wetland associations

Source-checked associations and automatically indexed candidates are separated below. An association does not establish site presence, preference or dependence.

No species-specific water association has been indexed or source-checked in this evidence library. This is an evidence gap, not evidence of no association.

Fauna records and mapped habitat: Not yet analysed

Record locations can be overlaid with mapping, but record frequency alone does not measure habitat preference. No species is excluded from desktop assessments by this analysis.

No quality-controlled record-to-map analysis has been completed for this species. The existing generalised distribution dots and indicative range polygons have not been treated as precise occurrence coordinates.

A defensible run needs dated, independently attributable records, coordinate uncertainty, duplicate and captive-record checks, layer versions and regional scope. Preference and absence require additional survey-effort and detection evidence.

Habitat limitations and contrary evidence: No supported exclusion recorded

Not recorded is not the same as cannot occur. Low suitability, resident habitat, breeding habitat and occasional movement are different conclusions.

This library has not established a vegetation, ecosystem or soil-type exclusion for this species. This does not mean all habitat is suitable; the evidence needed to justify an exclusion has not been assembled.

Habitat limitations and contrary evidence: Before using a negative association

  • Confirm the taxon, geographic region, life stage and habitat function covered by the evidence.
  • Check survey methods, season, repeated effort and detectability before interpreting non-detection.
  • Investigate credible contradictory records and microhabitats absent from broad mapping.
  • Do not convert a missing map class, low record count or failed data request into species absence.

Before disturbance: 1. Desktop and approvals

Confirm whether the project could affect the species before works begin.

Check national mapping, state records and recent surveys for the site. An action likely to have a significant impact on this nationally listed species needs EPBC Act referral, and state permits apply where it is state listed.

Before disturbance: 2. Plan to avoid

Plan in-water works, vessel movements and lighting to avoid known habitat and sensitive periods, and set observer and shutdown procedures before works start.

During disturbance: 1. Controls

Keep works inside the approved footprint and conditions.

Use spotters and exclusion zones for in-water works and vessels, and pause works if the species is seen within the zone.

During disturbance: 2. Stop and report

If the species is found unexpectedly, stop work at that spot and contact the project ecologist and the relevant agency.

After disturbance: 1. Records

Record outcomes.

Record sightings, habitat lost or retained and any injury or death, and report them under the approval conditions.

Rehabilitation: 1. Restore

Restore disturbed habitat where possible.

Remove temporary structures, restore natural flow and substrate, and monitor water quality until it returns to baseline.

Sources