Rufous-crowned Emu-wren (Stipiturus ruficeps)

Conservation status

South Australia, National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972: Rare.

Breeding season

The Rufous-crowned Emu-wren is poorly known, and species-specific breeding months have not been documented. For project planning, assume mature spinifex may support birds year round, with breeding activity most likely during spring and summer and potentially following rainfall.

Breeding mode: Egg laying, as for other birds. Species-specific breeding information is not recorded.

Clutch size: Not recorded.

Incubation: Not recorded.

Fledging and dependence: Not recorded.

Age at maturity: Not recorded.

Nest or roost sites: Specific nest and roost sites are not recorded. Mature spinifex provides the known habitat and sheltering structure.

Breeding frequency: Not recorded.

Timing may vary between years and regions, particularly in response to rainfall, fire history and the availability of long-unburnt mature spinifex.

• Presence in mature spinifex: Treat suitable mature spinifex, particularly long-unburnt patches, as potentially occupied throughout the year.
• Breeding and nesting: Use September to December as a general planning window for breeding activity, while allowing for breeding after rainfall and regional variation.
• Dependent young: Dependent young may be present from spring into early autumn if breeding follows suitable rainfall.
• Highest clearing risk: Schedule clearing outside the general September to March risk window where practicable, and inspect suitable spinifex before works.

Identification: Appearance

The Rufous-crowned Emu-wren is a small, ground-associated emu-wren of spinifex country. It can be difficult to detect in dense grass, and a brief sighting may be the only clear record on a work site.

Look for a very small bird moving low through mature spinifex. The species name refers to its rufous crown, but a full field description is not included in this profile.

Do not rely on a single colour feature in poor light. Record the location, habitat, behaviour and any photographs where possible.

Identification: Calls and similar species

Species-specific call details and reliable similar-species guidance are limited. Identification should be confirmed by an experienced bird observer when the record may affect clearing decisions.

• Record whether the bird was on the ground, in spinifex or briefly in flight.
• Note the spinifex structure, nearby shrubs, fire history and distance from the proposed disturbance.
• Use photographs or sound recordings when this can be done without prolonged pursuit.

Identification: Field signs

No distinctive droppings, nests, whitewash, stains or odours are established for field use. Direct observation is therefore the most useful record.

• Search quietly through suitable spinifex before clearing begins.
• Treat repeated movement or calls from one patch as a possible territory or localised group.
• Do not flush birds repeatedly, particularly where clearing or machinery is about to start.

Identification: Site survey approach

A routine fauna survey can miss this species. Targeted searches should focus on mature spinifex and long-unburnt patches, with quiet diurnal transects and point searches before disturbance.

• Map all mature spinifex patches within and beside the disturbance footprint.
• Repeat searches where habitat is suitable, especially if a nearby record or sighting exists.
• Record negative results with the date, observers, search area, weather and habitat condition.
• A non-detection does not confirm absence from suitable, poorly surveyed habitat.

Distribution: Australian range

The Rufous-crowned Emu-wren occurs across arid Australia and has a scattered distribution in parts of the Pilbara. It is mapped in the Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia and Western Australia.

In Western Australia, records include the Pilbara, where the species is associated with patchy spinifex habitat. It is also described as widespread across arid Australia.

The available state mapping covers the Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia and Western Australia. No overseas range is relevant to this profile.

• Northern Territory
• Queensland
• South Australia
• Western Australia, including the Pilbara

Distribution: Records near works areas

The species has been recorded close to project areas and has occurred elsewhere on the Mallina Gold Project. It was also recorded during surveys in the Iron Valley Project Area, although the record was opportunistic and the precise coordinates were not known.

• Check current fauna databases and local survey reports before finalising the clearing footprint.
• Give added attention to suitable habitat near known records, even where the species has not been recorded during the current survey.
• Share confirmed records with the project environmental lead and relevant state database.

Distribution: Conservation status

The species is treated as an EVNT species in this profile. South Australia lists it as Rare. Western Australia uses Priority 4 for rare and near threatened species that need monitoring, and this category is not statutory.

In Queensland, near threatened animals are protected wildlife. Tampering with a breeding place requires a species management program. Confirm the current approval and permit requirements before works begin.

• No subspecies or geographically restricted population is identified for the state listings described here.
• Apply the most protective relevant approval condition where the project crosses jurisdictions or has overlapping regulatory requirements.

Habitat: Vegetation and landforms

Mature spinifex is the main habitat feature to look for. The species is most likely in long-unburnt spinifex patches, often with low shrubs and a relatively continuous ground layer.

In the Pilbara, suitable habitat has been associated with Spinifex Sandplain and Sandplain Drainage habitats. At Iron Valley, it was associated with Boolgeeda land system areas, particularly Plains 1 to 4 and Creek Line or Drainage vegetation types.

• Mature spinifex with substantial tussock structure
• Long-unburnt spinifex patches
• Spinifex mixed with low shrubs
• Drainage lines and runoff areas where spinifex growth is strong

Habitat: Habitat condition

Look for patches that have retained mature spinifex, rather than recently burnt or heavily disturbed grassland. Habitat may remain suitable outside the project boundary, but fragmentation can reduce its value for a species that is likely to disperse poorly.

• Map the extent and continuity of mature spinifex.
• Record recent fire, grazing, tracks, clearing and weed disturbance.
• Identify links between larger spinifex patches before placing roads, pipelines or laydown areas.

Habitat: Pre-clearing checks

Before clearing, walk the proposed footprint and its edges with a fauna ecologist or suitably experienced observer. Mark suitable patches on the ground so operators can avoid unnecessary entry or clearing.

• Use clearly visible clearing limits.
• Keep machinery out of retained spinifex until the site check is complete.
• Recheck habitat after fire or other major site changes.
• Manage any confirmed sighting through the project fauna interaction procedure.

Foraging habitat: Where to search

The diet and detailed feeding behaviour of the Rufous-crowned Emu-wren are poorly documented. For site management, assume that mature spinifex provides both feeding cover and access to food resources.

Search through mature spinifex, particularly where tussocks are dense and associated with low shrubs. Check sheltered edges of long-unburnt patches and areas where runoff supports thicker growth.

• Spinifex Sandplain
• Sandplain Drainage
• Boolgeeda Plains and drainage vegetation
• Mature spinifex beside low shrubs

Foraging habitat: Observation method

Use quiet, slow searches during daylight. Watch the lower vegetation and listen for movement or calls, rather than relying on birds crossing open ground.

• Approach from outside the patch where possible.
• Pause regularly and scan the base and inner edges of tussocks.
• Avoid repeated flushing and keep observers spread so birds are not driven into the work area.
• Record the feeding habitat and behaviour if seen, without assuming that open ground is unsuitable.

Breeding habitat: Features to protect

Specific nest sites, breeding months and breeding-place characteristics are not well established for this species. Any mature spinifex patch used by birds should be treated as potential breeding habitat during clearing planning.

Retain mature, long-unburnt spinifex and connected patches wherever practicable. Avoid disturbing dense tussocks until the environmental lead has checked the area for birds and possible breeding activity.

• Do not remove or dismantle suspected nests.
• Keep personnel and machinery away from active breeding activity.
• Stop work and seek ecological advice if dependent young, a nest or repeated adult visits to one tussock are observed.
• Record the location and protect it under the project fauna procedure.

Breeding habitat: Timing and approvals

A reliable breeding season by month is not established in this profile, so do not assume that a particular season is free of breeding risk. In Queensland, check whether proposed disturbance could tamper with a breeding place and whether a species management program is required.

• Complete pre-clearing checks immediately before disturbance.
• Use staged clearing so fauna can move into retained habitat where this is approved and ecologically suitable.
• Obtain advice on any state or project-specific breeding-place condition before works start.

Sheltering habitat: Shelter features

Mature spinifex provides low cover for shelter and movement. Long-unburnt patches are particularly relevant because frequent fire can remove the structure the species needs.

Look for dense, mature spinifex with low shrubs, especially where the vegetation forms continuous or partly connected cover. Drainage areas and protected patches may retain suitable structure for longer.

• Dense spinifex tussocks
• Low shrub and spinifex mosaics
• Long-unburnt vegetation
• Sheltered sandplain and drainage patches

Sheltering habitat: Retained habitat and connectivity

Avoid dividing large patches into many small fragments. Roads, pipelines, work pads and other infrastructure should be placed to retain connected spinifex where practicable.

• Delineate retained habitat clearly before clearing.
• Use discrete disturbance blocks rather than a scattered mosaic.
• Rehabilitate disturbed areas progressively where rehabilitation can restore habitat linkage.
• Keep fire management from creating broad, simultaneous losses of mature spinifex.

Threats: Clearing and fragmentation

The main work-site risks are loss and fragmentation of mature spinifex, frequent fire and disturbance around small habitat patches. These risks can be greater because the species is likely to disperse poorly.

Clearing can remove suitable spinifex directly and can leave isolated patches. Avoid clearing native vegetation where practicable, minimise the footprint and retain the largest connected areas.

• Clearly mark approved clearing limits.
• Avoid placing linear infrastructure through the middle of contiguous spinifex.
• Use existing disturbed corridors where suitable and approved.
• Rehabilitate redundant disturbance as soon as practicable.

Threats: Fire regime

Frequent fire reduces mature spinifex and may cause local loss of the species. Unplanned fire from vehicles, hot works or camp activities is a project risk.

• Use fire-awareness and hot-work controls.
• Plan fire management with a suitably experienced fire specialist.
• Protect long-unburnt habitat from unnecessary burning.
• Record fire history during habitat mapping and environmental inspections.

Threats: Construction disturbance

Noise, traffic and machinery can displace birds from small retained patches, particularly when access routes cut through habitat. Keep activity within the approved footprint and avoid repeated entry into retained spinifex.

• Complete fauna checks before clearing and major ground disturbance.
• Use spotters and environmental representatives to monitor the clearing edge.
• Stop work for an injured animal, dependent young, suspected nest or unexpected confirmed record.
• Do not chase or handle birds unless authorised and trained.

Threats: Cumulative loss and compliance

The effect of several small clearances can exceed the effect of one isolated disturbance. Include nearby mining, pastoral and infrastructure disturbance when assessing habitat connectivity and fire risk.

• Update the habitat map as the project footprint changes.
• Track cleared and retained mature-spinifex areas.
• Report confirmed records and non-compliances promptly.
• Apply state approval conditions, including South Australian Rare, Western Australian Priority 4 and Queensland near threatened wildlife requirements, as relevant to the site.

Survey methodology: 1. Desktop assessment

The Rufous-crowned Emu-wren is a small, poorly known bird of mature spinifex, often in long-unburnt patches and low shrubs. Use quiet, targeted searches in suitable habitat, and treat a single negative survey as inconclusive where habitat remains intact.

Map mature spinifex, long-unburnt patches, low shrubs, drainage lines and other areas where spinifex is protected from frequent fire.

Review recent records, fire history, proposed clearing, access tracks and habitat links. Give extra attention to habitat that forms large or connected patches.

Check the current listing and permit requirements for the project location. Confirm whether any listing applies to a particular subspecies or population. No such limitation is identified for the listings described here.

• Overlay records from state databases, previous fauna reports and nearby projects.
• Identify areas that can be retained and areas that would be fragmented by roads, pipelines or construction compounds.
• Plan surveys before finalising the clearing footprint.

Survey methodology: 2. Targeted field searches

Search on foot during daylight in mature spinifex and adjoining low shrubs. Move slowly and pause often to detect brief movements and calls.

Use quiet diurnal transects and point searches. Survey in calm conditions with good visibility, and avoid periods of heavy rain, strong wind or other conditions that reduce bird activity or detection.

Repeat searches on more than one visit where suitable habitat is present. Include different seasons where the project program allows, because breeding timing and seasonal movement are not well established for this species.

• Search habitat edges, drainage features, dense spinifex and patches protected from recent fire.
• Use experienced observers familiar with small grassland birds and emu-wrens.
• Do not rely on spotlighting, trapping or camera traps as the primary method for this species.
• Use call playback only under an approved survey design and where it will not increase disturbance.

Survey methodology: 3. Detection and evidence

Record sightings, calls, flushed birds, pairs, nests and repeated activity separately. A bird heard but not seen should still be recorded as a detection if the identification is reliable.

Map each detection and the surrounding habitat. Record whether the bird was in mature spinifex, low shrub cover, a drainage area or a recently burnt patch.

Record fire history where known, habitat condition, vegetation height and density, nearby disturbance, observer names, date, start and finish time, weather and search effort.

• Photograph habitat and any nest or breeding place from a safe distance.
• Record the number of birds only when it can be estimated confidently.
• Report uncertain identifications as unconfirmed and arrange a review by a suitably experienced ornithologist.
• Retain negative survey results with the effort and conditions, rather than recording only that the species was absent.

Survey methodology: 4. Survey response

Treat records near a proposed clearing area as a trigger for a site review. Extend the assessment across connected mature spinifex, not just the point where the bird was detected.

Where survey conditions were poor or the habitat is extensive, defer clearing until a competent ecologist has assessed whether further survey is needed.

Scale survey effort to the listing, habitat quality, size of the disturbance footprint and risk of fragmentation. Use a higher level of scrutiny for South Australian Rare records and other areas managed as near threatened equivalents.

• Mark sensitive habitat on construction plans and in the field.
• Provide the clearing supervisor and fauna spotter catcher with maps and photographs of suitable habitat.
• Seek advice from the relevant regulator when a record may affect an approval or statutory protection.

Before habitat disturbance: 1. Approvals and permits

Avoiding mature spinifex is the simplest protection for this species. Before work starts, confirm approvals, define the disturbance footprint and give the site team clear instructions about stop work requirements.

Check the Commonwealth listing before clearing. Refer a project under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 if the proposed action may have a significant impact on a listed matter of national environmental significance.

Check the relevant state listing and approval pathway in the Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia and Western Australia, as applicable to the site.

In Queensland, confirm whether the species is treated as near threatened or otherwise protected at the project location. Obtain a species management program where required for tampering with a breeding place, and obtain any fauna handling authority needed for the work.

Obtain state fauna permits, scientific permits and clearing approvals where required. Do not assume that a general clearing approval authorises fauna capture, relocation or disturbance of a breeding place.

• Document the permit numbers, conditions and contact details in the site environmental plan.
• Confirm whether the approval covers the relevant population, subspecies or location.
• Brief the fauna spotter catcher on every condition that relates to this species.

Before habitat disturbance: 2. Avoidance and site design

Retain mature and long-unburnt spinifex wherever practicable. Avoid dividing connected habitat with roads, pipelines, laydown areas or linear infrastructure.

Keep the clearing footprint as small as practicable. Use discrete disturbance blocks rather than a scattered pattern that leaves many small isolated patches.

Protect habitat outside the approved footprint from vehicle movement, stockpiling, grading, fire and unauthorised access.

• Fence or flag no-go areas before machinery arrives.
• Use existing disturbed areas for compounds and access wherever practicable.
• Prevent unplanned fire and include fire controls in the project fire management plan.
• Have a suitably experienced ecologist set any site-specific buffer around a detection, nest or breeding place. There is no species-specific buffer supplied for this bird.

Before habitat disturbance: 3. Pre-clearance survey

Complete a final pre-clearance search of all mature spinifex and adjoining shrub habitat before each clearing stage. The search should be close enough to clearing for conditions and habitat use to remain relevant.

Look for birds, calls, nests, dependent young and repeated activity. Do not enter dense habitat in a way that causes avoidable disturbance.

If an animal or breeding place is found, mark the location and review the clearing sequence before work proceeds.

• Use an experienced fauna spotter catcher and ecologist where suitable habitat is present.
• Walk the boundary and the internal clearing lines, including areas previously assessed as low risk.
• Record the search date, observers, conditions, effort, findings and the area released for clearing.
• Repeat the check if clearing is delayed and habitat conditions change materially.

Before habitat disturbance: 4. Induction and exclusion

Induct all workers, contractors and machine operators before they enter the work area. Show photographs or a clear description of the bird and its mature spinifex habitat.

Explain that only authorised personnel may handle fauna, and that any person can call a stop to work when a potential animal, nest or breeding place is found.

Install visible exclusion markers around retained habitat and any temporary protection area.

• Tell crews not to chase, catch, feed or move the bird.
• Give the supervisor, spotter catcher and environmental representative direct contact details for escalation.
• Place the stop work procedure in vehicles, crib rooms and the site environmental plan.

During habitat disturbance: 1. Sequential clearing

Clear in a controlled sequence from low risk areas towards retained habitat. The fauna spotter catcher must have authority to stop machinery and must be able to reach the work front safely.

Clear only within the approved and marked footprint. Start with already disturbed or lower value areas where practicable, and work towards retained habitat so animals have an opportunity to move into safe cover.

Use small, manageable clearing stages. Pause between stages to allow the spotter catcher to inspect the active area and any retained habitat edge.

Do not burn, mulch or push mature spinifex into retained habitat.

• Maintain clear communication between the machine operator, supervisor and spotter catcher.
• Stop work if visibility, access or communication is inadequate.
• Keep machinery out of no-go areas and prevent accidental widening of the clearing line.

During habitat disturbance: 2. Animal handling and breeding places

Only authorised fauna personnel may capture, handle or relocate a Rufous-crowned Emu-wren. Use the least stressful method that is safe and permitted.

If a nest, dependent young, active breeding place, colony or repeated shelter site is found, stop work in the immediate area. Do not disturb, remove or relocate it without advice and the approvals required for the site.

The species is associated with spinifex rather than artificial structures. Do not move spinifex, nests or birds unless a suitably qualified ecologist and the relevant regulator have approved the method.

• Establish a temporary exclusion area that protects the animal and breeding place from machinery, people, vibration, dust and fire.
• Have the ecologist assess whether the breeding attempt can be protected in place.
• Resume work only after the fauna specialist and project environmental representative confirm that the area is released.

During habitat disturbance: 3. Injured or displaced animals

If a bird is injured, contained or unable to move away, stop work and keep people, vehicles and dogs away. Contact the authorised fauna handler and a wildlife carer or veterinarian approved for the jurisdiction.

Do not provide food or water unless directed by the receiving wildlife professional. Keep handling time short and record the condition and location.

If an animal moves into retained habitat, do not pursue it. Mark the sighting, maintain the exclusion area and allow the spotter catcher to assess the risk.

• Use a secure, ventilated container only when directed and when the handler is authorised.
• Record the finder, time, location, apparent cause, action taken and receiving facility.
• Notify the relevant regulator if the permit or approval requires an injury, death or relocation report.

During habitat disturbance: 4. Records and incident control

Keep a daily fauna clearance record. Include search effort, weather, habitat, animals seen, breeding places, captures, releases, injuries, deaths, stop work events and permit decisions.

Photograph and map significant records without exposing sensitive locations to unnecessary personnel.

Review any unexpected record before the next clearing stage.

• Use a consistent species name in all records.
• Record the final fate and release location of every handled animal.
• Escalate repeated detections, mortality, habitat damage or fire immediately to the project environmental manager and regulator where required.

After habitat disturbance: 1. Immediate checks

Post-clearance checks confirm that animals have not been trapped and that retained habitat has not been damaged. Monitoring should focus on mature spinifex that remains connected to the wider habitat network.

Inspect the cleared area, clearing edge and access routes after each stage. Look for injured or trapped birds, damaged nests, isolated spinifex patches and accidental clearing outside the approved footprint.

Check drains, pits, trenches, pipes and temporary structures before they are left unattended or covered.

Keep exclusion markers in place until the environmental representative confirms that the risk has passed.

• Complete checks at the end of each clearing shift where fauna risk is present.
• Remove or cover fauna traps created by construction, including open trenches and pipes.
• Record all findings, including a nil result.

After habitat disturbance: 2. Relocated and released animals

Confirm that each relocated animal reached the approved release point or wildlife care facility. Record the release habitat, time, condition and handler.

Use release sites with suitable mature spinifex and cover, away from active machinery and immediate construction hazards. The ecologist should confirm suitability and regulatory compliance.

Do not repeatedly relocate animals from the same area without reviewing the clearing method and habitat design.

• Use the shortest practical movement to a suitable safe location where relocation is authorised.
• Monitor the release area for immediate signs of distress or return to the hazard.
• Provide follow-up information to the relevant authority when required by the permit.

After habitat disturbance: 3. Monitoring and reporting

Monitor retained mature spinifex and nearby connected habitat after construction, especially where the project has removed or fragmented habitat or altered fire management.

Use repeat diurnal searches by experienced observers and record the same habitat and effort measures used in the baseline survey. There is no established species-specific monitoring schedule, so set one with the regulator or project ecologist.

Report records, mortality, breeding activity, fire, weed invasion, rehabilitation success and any unauthorised disturbance.

• Compare detections and habitat condition with pre-clearance results.
• Review monitoring after the first fire, major construction change or substantial weed outbreak.
• Increase monitoring or corrective action if mature spinifex declines or the species disappears from retained habitat.

After habitat disturbance: 4. Incident review

Review every stop work event, injury, death, breeding-place disturbance, unplanned fire and unauthorised clearing event.

Identify whether the cause was survey failure, poor marking, induction failure, machinery movement, fire or an approval gap.

Update the clearing method, maps, induction and environmental controls before the next work stage.

• Keep an incident register with actions, owners and close-out dates.
• Share lessons with spotter catchers, supervisors and machine operators.
• Notify regulators in accordance with approval and permit conditions.

Rehabilitation actions: 1. Habitat restoration

Rehabilitation should restore mature spinifex habitat and reconnect retained patches wherever practicable. Recovery can be slow after fire or clearing, so protect rehabilitation areas from repeated disturbance and unsuitable fire.

Use locally appropriate native seed, plant material and soil handling methods to restore spinifex and associated low shrubs. Select methods with advice from a restoration ecologist familiar with arid habitats.

Reinstate landform and drainage patterns so water runoff can support vegetation recovery without causing erosion.

Prioritise links between retained mature spinifex patches, rather than creating isolated small plantings.

• Salvage and respread suitable topsoil where approved and practicable.
• Exclude vehicles, grazing and unnecessary access from rehabilitation areas.
• Protect recovering spinifex from frequent or high-intensity fire.
• Use progressive rehabilitation as soon as practical after disturbance.

Rehabilitation actions: 2. Artificial structures

Do not install nest boxes, bat boxes, artificial nest sites or roost structures as a default measure. The Rufous-crowned Emu-wren is associated with spinifex cover, and artificial structures are not an established replacement for its habitat.

Consider an artificial structure only if a species specialist and the relevant regulator identify a defensible need and an approved design. Monitor its use and remove it if it creates hazards or attracts unsuitable species.

For this species, investment should generally favour protection and regeneration of mature spinifex rather than replacement structures.

• Do not place boxes or artificial roosts in clearing areas as a substitute for retaining habitat.
• Document the ecological basis, approval pathway, location and maintenance requirements for any approved structure.
• Check for entrapment, overheating, predators and competing species if a structure is installed.

Rehabilitation actions: 3. Fire, weeds and water

Manage fire to retain a range of spinifex ages, including long-unburnt mature patches, while avoiding large intense fires across connected habitat. Develop the fire regime with a fire-management specialist and the relevant land manager.

Control weeds before they dominate rehabilitation areas or alter the structure of spinifex and low shrubs. Use methods that do not damage recovering native vegetation.

Provide water only where it is part of an approved ecological design. Do not create permanent water points that attract predators, livestock or pest animals without assessing those risks.

• Map fire boundaries and record the date, intensity and area burnt.
• Inspect rehabilitation after fire, floods and weed treatment.
• Use clean machinery and vehicles to reduce weed spread.
• Keep water, fuel and chemical storage away from retained and rehabilitated habitat.

Rehabilitation actions: 4. Long-term success measures

Set success measures around native vegetation cover, spinifex structure, habitat connectivity, weed levels, fire history and use by the Rufous-crowned Emu-wren where monitoring is feasible.

Compare rehabilitation with nearby reference habitat rather than relying only on planting numbers. Mature habitat characteristics may take time to return.

Continue monitoring at a level proportionate to the listing, habitat loss and project risk. Apply stronger oversight where the species is managed as Rare or a near threatened equivalent.

• Map rehabilitation annually or at the interval set by the approval.
• Repeat diurnal bird searches using consistent observers and methods where possible.
• Repair erosion, remove weeds and adjust fire controls when success measures are not being met.
• Close rehabilitation only after the regulator and project ecologist accept the evidence.

Sources

• Species profile | Environment, land and water, Queensland Government: https://apps.des.qld.gov.au/species-search/details/?id=1550
• Hemi_Fauna_v3, Western Australian Government: https://www.epa.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/Referral_Documentation/Appendix%2012_Hemi%20Gold%20Project_Detailed%20Vertebrate%20Fauna%20Survey_WW_2023.pdf
• Vertebrate Fauna Assessment of the Iron Valley Project Area, Western Australian Government: https://consultation.epa.wa.gov.au/seven-day-comment-on-referrals/iron-valley-below-water-table-project/supporting_documents/CMS15277%20%20App%20E%20Vetebrate%20Fauna%20Assessment.pdf
• Occurrence records for the distribution map, Atlas of Living Australia: https://biocache.ala.org.au/