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Northern Ridge-tailed Monitor (Varanus primordius)

The northern ridge-tailed monitor is a small terrestrial monitor restricted to the far north of the Northern Territory. It uses forested habitats and, particularly in the dry season, rocky outcrops with crevices and rocks that provide shelter. It is listed as Near Threatened in the Northern Territory and has been recorded during fauna surveys on development and mining sites.

Conservation status

Northern Territory, Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 1976: Near threatened.

Breeding season

Northern Ridge-tailed Monitors show seasonal reproductive activity, with male reproductive readiness recorded from June to September and egg laying from November to January. Eggs and shelters may be affected by clearing across the year, so retain rocky refuges and confirm local timing before works.

Reproductive mode: Egg-laying

Clutch size: 2 to 5 eggs

Incubation: 80 to 120 days at 28.5 to 30.5 °C

Size at hatching: 4.1 to 5 cm snout to vent length

Age at maturity: About 8 to 14 months

Nest or egg sites: Not recorded. Retain rocky outcrops, rock slabs, crevices, burrows beneath rocks and undisturbed ground until local nest sites are known.

Breeding frequency: Up to 5 clutches may be possible in a year

Confirm timing locally using recent records, rainfall and temperature patterns, and inspect rocky outcrops, slabs, crevices and burrows before clearing.

  • Mating: Mating has not been recorded directly. Males had enlarged testes from June to September, indicating reproductive readiness during this period, but the timing of copulation is unknown.
  • Gravid females: The duration of gravidity is not recorded. Females were reported laying eggs from November to January, so females carrying eggs should be expected during this period.
  • Egg laying: Egg laying was recorded at the end of the dry season or during the wet season, from November to January. The species lays 2 to 5 eggs per clutch.
  • Incubation: Incubation lasts 80 to 120 days. Based on egg laying from November to January, eggs may remain in nests or soil from November through May, but species-specific hatching months have not been recorded.
  • Hatchlings: Hatching has not been recorded directly. Combining the November to January laying period with 80 to 120 days of incubation indicates that hatchlings may emerge from January to May.
  • Active period: No species-specific activity season is recorded. The species is diurnal and seasonally associated with rocky outcrops, so adults should be treated as potentially surface active in any month until local observations show otherwise.
  • Highest clearing risk: No month is confirmed as lower risk. Clearing can affect adults using rock crevices and burrows beneath rocks in any month, and work from November to May may also encounter eggs or emerging young.

Identification

This is a small, compact monitor with a strongly keeled, thorn-like tail and a subdued grey, brown or reddish-brown pattern. It can be difficult to identify in the field where similar small monitors occur, so photographs of the head, body scales, tail base and overall pattern are useful.

Adults have a short head, a slightly protruding upper jaw and large roundish nostrils positioned closer to the snout tip than to the eye. The body scales are raised and glossy. The tail is oval and slightly flattened near its base, becomes almost round further back, and is 1.4 to 1.52 times the snout to vent length.

Dorsal and lateral tail scales are strongly keeled and thorn-like. The scales above and below the tail are similar in size and form continuous rings. There are usually 60 to 66 scales around the midbody.

Adult total length: About 30 cm

Adult snout to vent length: About 19 cm

Tail length: 1.4 to 1.52 times snout to vent length

Midbody scales: 60 to 66

Identification: Colour and sex

The dorsal ground colour varies from greyish or light brownish to reddish-brown. Black scales form an indistinct network across the back and are also prominent on the head, nape, limbs and tail. White scales are irregularly scattered over the dorsum, head, nape and limbs.

The chin, throat and underside are whitish to creamy, with variable dark scales on the chin and throat. Juveniles have more distinct white dorsal scales, and the final third of the tail may appear pinkish. A dark temporal streak is indistinct but is more prominent in males.

Identification: Similar species and field signs

Varanus acanthurus usually has dorsal ocelli, longitudinal light and dark stripes on the nape, and 88 to 112 midbody scales. Varanus baritji has a distinct dark temporal streak, a yellow throat and 80 to 112 midbody scales. Varanus storri is smaller, reaching about 13.2 cm snout to vent length, has a uniformly coloured head, lacks a temporal streak, has flattened body scales and has 70 to 94 midbody scales.

The supplied documents do not describe species-specific tracks, scats, calls, nests, sloughs or eyeshine. During clearing inspections, treat small monitors in rock crevices, under rocks and in burrows beneath rocks as possible individuals until identified, and retain clear photographs for verification.

Distribution: Known range

The documented Australian range is confined to the far north of the Northern Territory. The available material does not provide a state-by-state population estimate, named strongholds, a bioregional range or a population trend.

The species is recorded from the far north of the Northern Territory. The Hayes Creek survey recorded it at the Iron Blow trapping site and Control site 2, near Mt Bonnie in the Northern Territory, in funnel traps.

The supplied records do not identify any occurrence outside the Northern Territory or define the species' full limits within the Territory.

Australian state or territory: Northern Territory only in the supplied records

Documented project area: Hayes Creek, including Iron Blow and Control site 2 near Mt Bonnie

Bioregion: Not specified in the supplied documents

Distribution: Population information

The population size, density, number of subpopulations and generation length are not given. The source material states that the population trend was unknown in the cited international assessment, and the Northern Territory listing provided for this profile is Near Threatened.

Population size: Not reported

Population density: Not reported

Population trend: Unknown in the cited assessment

Northern Territory status: Near Threatened

Habitat: Habitat types

The northern ridge-tailed monitor occupies diverse forested ecosystems and uses rocky habitat, especially during the dry season. At development sites, rocky outcrops, rock slabs, crevices and areas of intact forest are the main habitat features to retain and inspect.

The species is described from diverse forested ecosystems. It is terrestrial and seasonally saxicolous, using rocky outcrops and associated rock formations.

The Hayes Creek survey recorded the species in the vicinity of the Iron Blow trapping site and Control site 2. The supplied documents do not provide elevation limits, vegetation community names, rainfall thresholds or temperature limits for the species.

Broad habitat: Diverse forested ecosystems

Rock association: Seasonally associated with rocky outcrops

Elevation limit: Not reported

Climate limit: Not reported

Habitat: Features to retain

Retain connected forest cover, rocky outcrops, exposed rock slabs, crevices and rocks that can provide shelter. Avoid isolating rocky habitat patches with cleared corridors, pads, roads or stockpiles.

Before clearing, inspect rock piles, slabs, crevice systems and the ground immediately around them. The source material identifies vegetation clearing and settlement expansion as potential threats.

Foraging habitat: Diet and feeding

This monitor feeds during the day on a broad range of animal prey. It forages on the ground and around rocky habitat, but the supplied documents do not quantify its foraging range or identify particular food plants.

Feeding is opportunistic. Recorded prey includes a wide range of arthropods, reptile eggs and lizards. Grasshoppers are documented as prey for a closely related small rocky monitor in the same source, but they are not specifically listed for Varanus primordius.

The species is terrestrial and diurnal, so feeding areas may include the forest floor, rock margins, leaf litter and ground around crevices. The documents do not state whether it climbs, excavates prey or uses a defined home range.

Main prey groups: Arthropods, reptile eggs and lizards

Feeding period: Daytime

Foraging range: Not reported

Food plants: None reported

Foraging habitat: Site implications

Keep undisturbed ground, leaf litter, rocks and connected cover around known records where practicable. Avoid unnecessary removal of rocks and ground debris, which may reduce both prey availability and access to shelter.

Manage food and shelter impacts together because clearing, fire, weeds, introduced predators and changes to surrounding habitat can alter the ground conditions used by this small terrestrial monitor.

Breeding habitat: Breeding biology

The available information confirms egg laying but does not specify the natural nesting season, nest structure or preferred nesting substrate. Breeding habitat assessments should therefore focus on retaining intact rocky and forested ground until site-specific surveys and observations have been completed.

The species lays eggs in clutches of 2 to 5, and up to 5 clutches may be possible in a year. Incubation lasts 80 to 120 days at 28.5 to 30.5 °C. Hatchlings are 4.1 to 5 cm snout to vent length and weigh 1 to 2.3 g.

The source gives maturity at about 12 to 13 cm snout to vent length, reached at approximately 8 to 14 months. It does not provide a natural breeding season, lifespan, sex ratio, nesting success or dependence period for young.

Breeding season: Not stated; up to 5 clutches may be possible in a year

Clutch size: 2 to 5 eggs

Incubation: 80 to 120 days at 28.5 to 30.5 °C

Age at maturity: About 8 to 14 months

Size at maturity: About 12 to 13 cm snout to vent length

Hatchling size: 4.1 to 5 cm snout to vent length

Lifespan: Not reported

Breeding habitat: Breeding habitat

Natural nest sites are not described. Until local information is available, retain rocky outcrops, rock slabs, crevices, burrows beneath rocks, intact forest floor and undisturbed ground around records. Do not place spoil, fill or equipment over these features.

If an individual is found during clearing, stop work locally and have a qualified fauna spotter catcher inspect nearby rocks, crevices and burrows for eggs or additional animals.

Sheltering habitat: Known refuges

Shelter is associated with rocky habitat. The species is shy and secretive, and uses crevices and burrows beneath rocks, which can be overlooked during routine clearing.

The species shelters in crevices and in burrows under rocks. It is seasonally associated with rocky outcrops and moves through rock formations. Its colour pattern is described as adapted to rocky ground.

The supplied documents do not give refuge dimensions, burrow depth, rock slab thickness, home-range size or whether tree hollows are used.

Primary refuges: Rock crevices and burrows beneath rocks

Rock association: Seasonal use of rocky outcrops and rock formations

Refuge dimensions: Not reported

Tree hollows: Not reported

Sheltering habitat: Clearing inspection

Inspect rock piles, individual slabs, crevice lines, cavities beneath rocks and ground immediately beside rocky outcrops before disturbance. Search slowly because the species is shy and secretive.

Where rocks must be moved, use staged removal under fauna spotter catcher supervision. Keep salvaged rocks together and return them to suitable retained habitat where this is allowed by the project method and approval conditions.

Threats: Clearing and fragmentation

The main documented project risks are habitat clearing, settlement expansion, fire, introduced predators and other disturbance. The species' use of rocks and ground refuges makes direct mortality during clearing a particular concern.

Vegetation clearing can remove forest habitat, rocky shelter and prey resources. Settlement expansion is identified as a potential threat. Roads, pads, haul routes and infrastructure can also divide habitat and increase the chance of animals being killed during construction.

Prioritise avoidance of rocky outcrops, crevice systems and burrows beneath rocks. Mark records and retained habitat on clearing plans, and inspect all rock and soil disturbance areas before machinery enters.

Threats: Fire, predators and introduced species

Fire is identified as a biodiversity risk in the Hayes Creek project material. Poorly managed fire may remove ground cover and alter rocky forest habitat. Introduced predators were also identified as a project risk, and cats were recorded along a proposed haul road in the survey area.

Cane toads, black rats, feral pigs, cattle, water buffalo and cats were recorded in the Hayes Creek survey area. The documents do not quantify their effects on Varanus primordius, so control measures should be based on the project's fauna and pest management plans.

Threats: Roads, hydrology and disease

The supplied documents do not identify a species-specific road mortality rate, disease, or hydrology requirement for Varanus primordius. General project controls should still prevent unnecessary vehicle access through retained rocky habitat and avoid erosion, sediment movement and altered drainage that could degrade forest floor and rocky refuges.

The Hayes Creek assessment identified changes to surface water, sedimentation, erosion and risks to riparian zones as broader biodiversity risks. These controls are relevant where works occur near drainage lines or alter runoff toward retained habitat.

Survey methodology: 1. Active searches

Survey effort should reflect a small, shy, mainly diurnal terrestrial monitor that uses rocky outcrops, crevices and burrows beneath rocks. The available project survey recorded the species in funnel traps, so active searches and carefully managed trapping are the most relevant methods for pre-clearance work.

Search rocky outcrops, flat or broken rock, rock slabs, overhangs, crevices and burrows beneath rocks.

Conduct searches during daylight, when the species is normally active, and concentrate on warm periods when animals are likely to move or bask.

Search slowly and inspect both the surface and accessible shelter spaces, including the edges of rocks and slabs that may conceal animals.

Do not lift or dismantle rocks without a fauna spotter catcher present, because the species may shelter beneath them.

Activity: Diurnal, terrestrial, and seasonally saxicolous in rocky outcrops.

Shelter: Crevices and burrows under rocks.

  • Record the search date, start and finish times, weather, temperature if measured, rainfall, observers, search area, habitat features inspected and all detections.
  • Map rocky habitat and any occupied or potentially occupied crevices, burrows and rock shelters before clearing.

Survey methodology: 2. Funnel trapping

Use funnel traps only where approved, under a site-specific fauna survey or trapping plan and with appropriately authorised personnel.

Place traps along likely movement routes near rocky outcrops, rock slabs, crevices and other retained shelter features.

The available survey recorded the species in funnel traps at the Iron Blow trapping site and Control site 2, confirming that this method can detect it.

Documented detection: Funnel traps detected the species at two survey locations.

Known survey dates: The documented records were made on 17 and 18 May 2017.

  • Check traps at the frequency required by the relevant permit and animal ethics or welfare requirements.
  • Provide suitable shade and protection from weather, inspect traps early enough to prevent heat stress, and close or remove traps when conditions become unsafe.
  • Record trap locations, trap type, opening and closing times, trap nights, weather, captures, by-catch and release locations.
  • Do not use trapping as a substitute for inspecting rocks, slabs and burrows that will be disturbed.

Survey methodology: 3. Camera and incidental searches

Use incidentals, targeted walking searches and remote cameras as supplementary methods around rocky shelter, tracks and retained habitat.

Treat a failure to detect the species as inconclusive because the species is described as shy and secretive.

Use photographs and precise coordinates to confirm records where possible, particularly when field staff are unfamiliar with small monitor identification.

Adult total length: About 30 cm.

Adult snout to vent length: About 19 cm.

  • Photograph the animal, habitat and diagnostic features without pursuing it into a refuge.
  • Distinguish this species from similar small monitors using head pattern, tail scalation, body scale counts and size, and obtain expert confirmation where identification is uncertain.
  • Do not rely on spotlighting as the primary method because the species is mainly diurnal; use night searches only as supplementary work where the project ecologist considers them useful.

Survey methodology: Minimum effort and reporting

  • Prepare a written, site-specific survey design before work starts because the supplied documents do not provide a national survey guideline or a standard number of nights, trap nights, transect kilometres or search hours for this species.
  • Use daylight active searches across all rocky habitat proposed for disturbance, supplemented by funnel trapping where authorised and justified by habitat and risk.
  • Repeat searches when weather, season or access has limited detection, and explain the limitation in the survey report rather than treating non-detection as absence.
  • Report the survey area, total person-hours, transect or search area, trap nights, dates, conditions, habitat searched, detection results, photographs, coordinates and any animals handled.
  • Submit verified records and negative survey information where requested to the Northern Territory Fauna Atlas or the relevant state or territory wildlife database.
  • Check current state and territory survey, animal welfare and threatened fauna requirements before finalising the method.

Before habitat disturbance: Avoid and minimise

Plan the work around the species' shelter and movement needs. The main site risks identified in the available project assessment were vegetation clearing, fire, introduced predators, weeds, erosion, sedimentation and changes to surface water.

Retain rocky outcrops, flat ironstone or other rock slabs, overhangs, crevices, burrows beneath rocks and connected forest or woodland habitat wherever practicable.

Keep retained rocky shelters connected to surrounding habitat rather than isolating small patches between roads, pads and cleared corridors.

Avoid unnecessary removal or relocation of rocks, because the species uses rocky shelter and may be concealed beneath slabs or in crevices.

Keep clearing footprints, vehicle movements, stockpiles and laydown areas away from mapped shelters and retained habitat.

  • Mark no-go areas, rocky shelter features, retained vegetation and access routes before machinery enters the site.
  • Control weeds, sediment, erosion, domestic animals and introduced predators around retained habitat.
  • Design drainage so that runoff, sediment and pollutants do not enter retained shelter areas or nearby creeks and wetlands.

Before habitat disturbance: Approvals and planning

Confirm the current Commonwealth and state or territory conservation listing before work starts, because the documents identify the species as near threatened in the Northern Territory and list it as a species of conservation significance in the project assessment.

Obtain any required wildlife, trapping, handling, animal ethics, clearing and translocation approvals before a survey or fauna relocation begins.

Have the project environmental officer confirm whether an EPBC Act referral or other Commonwealth approval is required for the current action, even where the species is not currently identified as nationally listed in the project information.

Northern Territory status in the supplied information: Near threatened under the TPWC Act.

Project occurrence: Recorded during the Hayes Creek survey at two funnel trap locations.

  • Prepare a fauna management plan naming the fauna spotter catcher, ecologist, approval holders, wildlife carer and veterinary contacts.
  • Include maps of rocky habitat, planned clearing, exclusion zones, access routes, release areas, inspection points and stop-work areas.
  • Stage clearing so that habitat is retained ahead of the active work front and fauna can move into connected retained habitat.

Before habitat disturbance: Pre-clearance preparation

Complete a pre-clearance inspection of every rocky area, slab, crevice, burrow and vegetation patch within or immediately beside the disturbance footprint.

Inspect the area shortly before clearing because the species may be concealed and may move between rocky shelters.

Place fauna exclusion fencing only where it will not block movement to retained habitat or trap animals against the clearing edge.

  • Mark all habitat features that must remain undisturbed and brief machinery operators on their meaning.
  • Remove loose materials, waste, spoil and stored equipment from retained shelter areas.
  • Schedule the final inspection and clearing when the fauna spotter catcher, machinery supervisor and emergency contacts are available.
  • Confirm that release habitat is nearby, connected, outside the work area and not already occupied by unsafe levels of machinery, people or domestic animals.

During habitat disturbance: Daily controls

The fauna spotter catcher should control the work front, inspect shelter features before disturbance and have authority to pause machinery. Clearing should proceed in small, supervised sections.

Hold a daily pre-start briefing with the fauna spotter catcher, operator, supervisor and environmental officer.

Inspect the active work area and the next clearing section before machinery starts, with particular attention to rocks, slabs, crevices and burrows.

Keep machinery to approved access routes and prevent operators from driving over retained rocky shelter or exclusion zones.

  • Maintain clear communication between the spotter catcher and each machine operator.
  • Stop work immediately when the spotter catcher signals, when an animal or unknown burrow is found, or when a marked shelter feature is about to be disturbed.
  • Keep pets, unnecessary workers, food waste and rubbish away from the clearing front and retained habitat.
  • Record daily areas cleared, habitat features disturbed, inspections, detections, incidents, relocations and periods when work stopped.

During habitat disturbance: Rocks, slabs and burrows

Treat every rock slab, overhang, crevice and burrow beneath a rock as potential monitor habitat until inspected and cleared by the fauna spotter catcher.

Lift or move rocks only under direct fauna supervision, using methods that reduce crushing, collapse and escape into unsafe machinery areas.

Replace undisturbed rocks where practicable if they are moved during inspection, and retain suitable rocks within nearby connected habitat when authorised relocation of habitat is required.

  • Do not seal, fill or collapse a burrow until it has been inspected and cleared.
  • Do not use fire, water, smoke, chemicals or machinery vibration to flush an animal from shelter.
  • Check spoil, rock piles, trenches and stored materials before they are moved or removed.
  • Use a staged search of each section, then allow the fauna spotter catcher to confirm the section is clear before machinery proceeds.

During habitat disturbance: If an animal is found

Stop nearby work and give the animal space to move towards retained habitat if the route is safe.

Use only trained and authorised personnel for capture, handling and relocation, and follow the applicable permit and animal welfare conditions.

If capture is necessary, use the least stressful approved method and place the animal in a secure, shaded, ventilated container for the shortest practical time.

Relocate the animal only to nearby suitable retained habitat with rocky shelter and a safe connection to surrounding habitat, unless the approval specifies another release arrangement.

  • Do not allow untrained workers to catch, carry, photograph at close range or keep the monitor.
  • Do not relocate the animal across roads, cleared areas, watercourses or other barriers unless the approved fauna plan specifically allows it.
  • Send an injured or heat-stressed animal promptly to the nominated veterinarian or licensed wildlife carer.
  • Record the animal's location, condition, identification, photographs, capture method, release location, time held and people involved.
  • Resume work only after the fauna spotter catcher confirms that the animal and nearby shelter have been managed safely.

During habitat disturbance: Stop-work triggers

  • Stop work when a Northern ridge-tailed monitor is found within the disturbance area or when a suspected individual cannot be safely identified.
  • Stop work when a marked rocky shelter, burrow, slab or connected habitat area is at risk of unapproved disturbance.
  • Stop work when heat, smoke, fire, flooding, sediment runoff, machinery failure or another condition creates an animal welfare or habitat risk.
  • Notify the environmental officer and relevant approval holder when the event exceeds the approved fauna management procedure or causes injury, mortality or unauthorised habitat damage.

After habitat disturbance: Post-clearance checks

Close-out inspections should confirm that animals, shelters and controls have not been missed. The project assessment recorded the species at the site, so post-clearance verification should be documented rather than assumed.

Inspect the completed clearing edge, rock piles, spoil areas, trenches, culverts and retained rocky habitat after each clearing stage.

Check that no animal is trapped in an excavation, beneath stored materials or between exclusion fencing and the work area.

Remove temporary fencing and materials only when the environmental officer confirms that they will no longer cause entrapment or block movement.

  • Recheck retained rocks, crevices and burrows disturbed by vibration, runoff or vehicle movement.
  • Repair damaged exclusion zones, erosion controls and habitat markers before the next work stage.
  • Record all post-clearance inspections, findings, photographs, coordinates and corrective actions.

After habitat disturbance: Monitoring and reporting

Continue targeted monitoring where clearing has removed or isolated rocky habitat, where animals were captured, or where the project assessment identified a high likelihood of occurrence.

Use repeat active searches, incident records and cameras as appropriate to the risk and approval conditions, and interpret non-detection in light of the species' shy behaviour.

  • Compare the area cleared, habitat retained, animal records and incidents with the approved fauna management plan.
  • Report injuries, deaths, escaped animals, unauthorised clearing and failed controls to the project environmental officer and relevant regulator as required.
  • Submit verified records to the relevant Northern Territory or state wildlife database.
  • Keep records of release sites and follow-up observations for the period required by the approval or fauna management plan.

After habitat disturbance: Offsets and corrective action

Assess offsets or other compensatory measures only where required by the approval, impact assessment or applicable legislation.

Prioritise avoidance, retained connected habitat and repair of disturbed rocky shelter before relying on an offset.

  • Document the area and quality of rocky habitat lost, retained, restored or managed.
  • Use adaptive corrective action if monitoring finds continuing habitat loss, increased fire risk, weed spread, predator pressure, erosion or failed revegetation.

Rehabilitation actions: Restore rocky shelter

Rehabilitation should restore the shelter structure and connected woodland or forest habitat used by this small terrestrial monitor. Rocks and ground shelter are more relevant for this species than tree hollows or nest boxes.

Retain and reinstate locally sourced rocks, slabs and coarse ground cover to recreate crevices, overhangs and shelter beneath rocks.

Place reinstated rocks so that they are stable, provide shaded gaps and do not create a crushing or entrapment hazard for fauna or workers.

Reconnect restored rocky areas with retained forest, woodland and other suitable habitat rather than creating isolated rock piles in cleared ground.

  • Do not use contaminated, chemically treated or weed-infested material for habitat reconstruction.
  • Keep heavy vehicles off reinstated shelter until the area is stable and protected.
  • Leave natural burrow entrances and crevice spaces open where they are safe and supported by the site design.

Rehabilitation actions: Revegetation and site protection

Revegetate with locally appropriate native forest and woodland species that match the pre-clearing community and help restore cover around rocky habitat.

Use local provenance seed or tubestock where required by the rehabilitation plan, but do not introduce species that were not recorded or approved for the site.

Control weeds, feral pigs, cats and other introduced fauna that can degrade cover, shelter and food resources.

Recorded diet: A wide range of arthropods, reptile eggs and lizards.

Recorded habitat context: Diverse forested ecosystems and rocky outcrops.

  • Stabilise exposed soil and drainage lines to reduce erosion and sediment entering retained habitat.
  • Prevent stock, vehicles and repeated pedestrian traffic from compacting or disturbing restored rocky shelter.
  • Manage fire so that retained and rehabilitated rocky habitat is not exposed to avoidable high intensity or repeated burns.

Rehabilitation actions: Success measures

  • Measure survival and cover of planted native vegetation against the approved rehabilitation targets.
  • Confirm that reinstated rocks remain stable, retain shaded crevices and are connected to surrounding retained habitat.
  • Check for erosion, weeds, fire damage, feral animal activity, new barriers and unauthorised access during scheduled inspections.
  • Use repeat daylight searches, incidental records or cameras to assess whether monitor habitat is being used, while recognising that non-detection does not prove absence.
  • Record rehabilitation results, maintenance actions, fauna observations and any changes needed to the management plan.

Sources