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New Zealand Antarctic Tern (Sterna vittata bethunei)

The New Zealand subspecies of Antarctic Tern is a marine seabird that breeds at Macquarie Island, Tasmania. Coastal nesting ledges and nearby waters are the habitat most relevant to works.

Conservation status

Commonwealth, EPBC Act 1999: Endangered.

Tasmania, Threatened Species Protection Act 1995: Endangered.

Seasonal planning

Breeding occurs from September to March.

Seasonal evidence: From published sources for this species.

Timing varies between sites and years.

  • Breeding: Breeding occurs from September to March.

Identification: Appearance

It is about 36 cm long, with a grey body and wings, a white rump and a sharply forked white tail. In breeding plumage, its black cap reaches the bill, which becomes bright red.

It is about 36 cm long, with a grey body and wings, a white rump and a sharply forked white tail. In breeding plumage, its black cap reaches the bill, which becomes bright red.

Identification: Confirming identity

Confirm the identity of any suspected record with a specialist and a photograph or voucher, as required by the relevant permit.

Distribution: Known range

This subspecies breeds on Macquarie Island, as well as on islands around southern New Zealand. During the breeding season, birds generally remain close to breeding islands.

This subspecies breeds on Macquarie Island, as well as on islands around southern New Zealand. During the breeding season, birds generally remain close to breeding islands.

Distribution: National mapping

The Commonwealth species distribution model (SNES) maps where the species or its habitat is known, likely or may occur. Use it with local records and site inspection.

Habitat: Habitat

Breeding sites include steep coastal slopes and cliffs, where nests are commonly on ledges or in crevices among short vegetation. The birds feed close to shore.

Breeding sites include steep coastal slopes and cliffs, where nests are commonly on ledges or in crevices among short vegetation. The birds feed close to shore.

Foraging habitat: Diet

It feeds close to shore on small fish and crustaceans.

It feeds close to shore on small fish and crustaceans.

Breeding habitat: Breeding

It breeds in small colonies on the ground or on ledges, laying one or two buff-olive eggs. Chicks leave the nest at 27 to 32 days.

It breeds in small colonies on the ground or on ledges, laying one or two buff-olive eggs. Chicks leave the nest at 27 to 32 days.

Sheltering habitat: Shelter

Nests are commonly placed on coastal ledges or in crevices among short vegetation, including tussock and woody shrubs.

Nests are commonly placed on coastal ledges or in crevices among short vegetation, including tussock and woody shrubs.

Threats: Threats

Predators include skuas and black-backed gulls. Feral cats threaten eggs and chicks on some islands.

Predators include skuas and black-backed gulls. Feral cats threaten eggs and chicks on some islands.

Threats: Works risk

Clearing or construction that removes or disturbs short vegetation on coastal ledges could affect nesting sites.

Survey methodology: 1. Commonwealth guidance

Use methods consistent with the Commonwealth survey guidelines and engage a specialist with the right permits.

For EPBC Act referrals, survey effort and methods should be consistent with the survey guidelines for Australia's threatened birds, read with the Significant impact guidelines 1.1.

Survey methodology: 2. Limits

A non-detection is not proof of absence. Match survey timing to the species and season, and record effort.

Vegetation associations

Source-checked associations and automatically indexed candidates are separated below. An association does not establish site presence, preference or dependence.

No species-specific vegetation association has been indexed or source-checked in this evidence library. This is an evidence gap, not evidence of no association.

Ecosystem associations

Source-checked associations and automatically indexed candidates are separated below. An association does not establish site presence, preference or dependence.

No species-specific ecosystem association has been indexed or source-checked in this evidence library. This is an evidence gap, not evidence of no association.

Soil and substrate associations

Source-checked associations and automatically indexed candidates are separated below. An association does not establish site presence, preference or dependence.

No species-specific soil association has been indexed or source-checked in this evidence library. This is an evidence gap, not evidence of no association.

Water and wetland associations

Source-checked associations and automatically indexed candidates are separated below. An association does not establish site presence, preference or dependence.

No species-specific water association has been indexed or source-checked in this evidence library. This is an evidence gap, not evidence of no association.

Fauna records and mapped habitat: Not yet analysed

Record locations can be overlaid with mapping, but record frequency alone does not measure habitat preference. No species is excluded from desktop assessments by this analysis.

No quality-controlled record-to-map analysis has been completed for this species. The existing generalised distribution dots and indicative range polygons have not been treated as precise occurrence coordinates.

A defensible run needs dated, independently attributable records, coordinate uncertainty, duplicate and captive-record checks, layer versions and regional scope. Preference and absence require additional survey-effort and detection evidence.

Habitat limitations and contrary evidence: No supported exclusion recorded

Not recorded is not the same as cannot occur. Low suitability, resident habitat, breeding habitat and occasional movement are different conclusions.

This library has not established a vegetation, ecosystem or soil-type exclusion for this species. This does not mean all habitat is suitable; the evidence needed to justify an exclusion has not been assembled.

Habitat limitations and contrary evidence: Before using a negative association

  • Confirm the taxon, geographic region, life stage and habitat function covered by the evidence.
  • Check survey methods, season, repeated effort and detectability before interpreting non-detection.
  • Investigate credible contradictory records and microhabitats absent from broad mapping.
  • Do not convert a missing map class, low record count or failed data request into species absence.

Before disturbance: 1. Desktop and approvals

Confirm whether the project could affect the species before works begin.

Check national mapping, state records and recent surveys for the site. An action likely to have a significant impact on this nationally listed species needs EPBC Act referral, and state permits apply where it is state listed.

Before disturbance: 2. Plan to avoid

Plan in-water works, vessel movements and lighting to avoid known habitat and sensitive periods, and set observer and shutdown procedures before works start.

During disturbance: 1. Controls

Keep works inside the approved footprint and conditions.

Use spotters and exclusion zones for in-water works and vessels, and pause works if the species is seen within the zone.

During disturbance: 2. Stop and report

If the species is found unexpectedly, stop work at that spot and contact the project ecologist and the relevant agency.

After disturbance: 1. Records

Record outcomes.

Record sightings, habitat lost or retained and any injury or death, and report them under the approval conditions.

Rehabilitation: 1. Restore

Restore disturbed habitat where possible.

Remove temporary structures, restore natural flow and substrate, and monitor water quality until it returns to baseline.

Sources