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Flock Bronzewing (Phaps histrionica)

The Flock Bronzewing is a nomadic, ground-feeding pigeon of inland Australia. It uses open woodland, treeless grass plains and saltbush country, and may appear suddenly in large numbers after favourable rain, so suitable habitat can be occupied during clearing or construction even where recent records are absent.

Conservation status

New South Wales, Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016: Endangered.

Northern Territory, Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 1976: Near threatened.

Breeding season

The species is highly nomadic and does not have a fixed annual cycle that is defined in the supplied documents. Breeding is associated with favourable rainfall and grass growth, so project timing should be based on local rainfall, flock presence and evidence of nesting rather than calendar months alone.

Calendar months are not reliable predictors for this nomadic species. Use current flock observations, recent rainfall, grass condition and pre-clearance nest checks to set work controls.

  • Movement and irruptions: The species is highly nomadic and can move or irrupt in response to climatic conditions. No month-specific movement pattern is provided.
  • Ground resting and feeding: The species feeds and rests on the ground, including in tussock grassland. Ground activity may occur whenever birds are present.

Identification

The Flock Bronzewing is a plump, medium-sized pigeon with long pointed wings and a short, rounded tail. It is most likely to be detected in open country, often on the ground in flocks rather than perched in dense vegetation.

Adults are about 280 to 310 mm long and weigh about 300 g. The adult male is sandy brown above and blue-grey below, with a distinctive black and white head and neck. Females are duller but retain the same general pattern. The wings are long and pointed, while the tail is short and rounded.

Wing length: 200 to 208 mm

Tail length: 79 to 87 mm

Bill length: 17 to 18 mm

Tarsus length: 27 to 30 mm

Identification: Field recognition

The combination of a plump pigeon shape, short rounded tail, pointed wings and black and white head pattern is useful for identification. Flocks may be seen resting or feeding on the ground in tussock grassland, short grassland, saltbush plains or around watering points.

  • Check the head and neck pattern, body colour, wing shape and short tail together rather than relying on one feature.
  • Record flock size, behaviour, nearby grassland or shrubland, and the presence of watering points or stock yards.
  • Treat an isolated bird as potentially significant because the species is highly nomadic and may occur well outside its core range after favourable rain.

Identification: Calls and field signs

The species is usually silent. A very soft coo may be heard from flocks on the ground, and a displaying male may give a wok call. The supplied sources do not describe diagnostic tracks, scats, feathers, roost deposits or other field signs, so visual confirmation or a well-documented photograph is preferable.

  • Search open ground and tussock cover carefully before vegetation clearance, as birds may rest on the ground during the day.
  • Inspect low bushes, grass tussocks, low branches and dusty bare ground around bores for ground nests during suitable breeding conditions.
  • Do not assume an apparently empty flock site is unused without checking nearby cover and bare ground.

Distribution

The Flock Bronzewing is endemic to Australia and has a patchy distribution across inland and northern regions. Its occurrence is strongly affected by rainfall and grass growth, so records and abundance can change markedly between years.

The recorded range includes north-western Western Australia, central and southern Northern Territory, western Queensland, north-eastern South Australia and north-western New South Wales. It was formerly recorded in large numbers in northern New South Wales and the Riverina, but has become rare in New South Wales and has almost disappeared from the Murray-Darling region.

Australian states and territories recorded in the supplied sources: Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia and New South Wales

Core habitat region identified in the sources: Mitchell Grass plains of the Barkly Tableland, Northern Territory

New South Wales occurrence: Most likely north of Broken Hill and west of Cobar when conditions are suitable

Population size: Not stated in the supplied documents

Trend: Declined Australia-wide following European settlement; now rare in New South Wales

Distribution: Strongholds and irruptions

The Mitchell Grass plains of the Barkly Tableland are identified as the current core grassland area. The species can expand into areas outside its core distribution after high rainfall. Around Broken Hill, excellent seasons in 1992 and 1993 produced abundant tussock grass and attracted thousands of birds.

  • In New South Wales, give particular attention to open grassland and saltbush country north of Broken Hill and west of Cobar.
  • In central South Australia, consider the possibility of breeding or temporary occupancy during rare irruptions, even where the project area is outside the core range.
  • Use current records, rainfall history and recent grass growth when assessing whether apparently marginal habitat may be occupied.

Habitat: Habitat types

The Flock Bronzewing uses open inland habitats with a substantial grassy ground layer. It is associated with arid and tropical inland country, but can move into temperate grasslands and saltbush plains when conditions produce suitable food.

The species ranges through open woodland and treeless grass plains across northern Australia. In New South Wales it was historically found on short grassy plains in the temperate north and on the saltbush plains of the Riverina. The current core grassland habitat identified in the sources is the Mitchell Grass plains of the Barkly Tableland.

  • Open woodland with a grassy ground layer.
  • Treeless grass plains, including Mitchell Grass plains.
  • Short grassy plains in inland New South Wales.
  • Saltbush plains of the Riverina and semi-arid inland South Australia.

Habitat: Habitat condition

The species responds to favourable climatic conditions, particularly rainfall that produces abundant tussock grasses and other seed resources. Habitat can be degraded by conversion to pasture or agriculture and by overgrazing, even where some vegetation remains.

  • Retain undisturbed grassland, tussock cover, saltbush plains and open woodland within and around the work area.
  • Map areas with dense or productive tussock grass, particularly after rainfall.
  • Assess stock grazing, rabbit grazing, watering points and recent agricultural conversion when determining habitat quality.

Habitat: Climate and elevation

The supplied sources describe an arid, tropical inland distribution with some use of temperate inland plains. They do not provide an elevation range.

Climate setting: Mostly arid and tropical inland Australia, with historical use of temperate inland plains

Elevation: Not stated in the supplied documents

Foraging habitat: Diet

Flock Bronzewings feed mainly on the ground in open grassland and other sparsely wooded habitats. Their food supply can increase rapidly after rain, which helps explain their irruptive movements.

The diet consists of seeds of grasses and herbaceous plants. Seeds may also be collected from cattle dung. The supplied sources do not identify particular plant species or quantify daily intake.

  • Search productive tussock grassland, short grassland and herbaceous ground layers for feeding flocks.
  • Include cattle yards, stock areas and other places where seed-containing dung may occur in habitat assessments.
  • Record recent rainfall, grass growth and seed availability when interpreting current presence or absence.

Foraging habitat: Foraging behaviour

The species is a large terrestrial pigeon that feeds and rests on the ground. It may occur in very large flocks when rainfall produces abundant tussock grass. The supplied documents do not provide a measured foraging range or standard flock density.

Measured foraging range: Not stated in the supplied documents

Recorded response to favourable seasons: Thousands of birds were attracted to the Broken Hill area after excellent seasons in 1992 and 1993

  • Inspect the ground layer before clearing, including open areas between tussocks and the margins of low shrubs.
  • Use quiet observation from a distance where possible, because flocks may be disturbed by vehicles and machinery.
  • Do not rely on tree searches alone, as important activity occurs at ground level.

Breeding habitat: Breeding biology

Flock Bronzewings nest on or very close to the ground in simple sites associated with low vegetation or bare dusty ground. Breeding appears to be linked to favourable rainfall and food conditions, but the sources do not define a fixed breeding season.

Both parents incubate the eggs and share care of the young. The available information links likely breeding to high rainfall and subsequent grass growth rather than to particular calendar months.

Breeding season: Not defined by month; breeding is reported or considered more likely after high rainfall and favourable grass growth

Clutch size: Usually 2 eggs

Incubation: About 16 days

Age at maturity: Not stated in the supplied documents

Lifespan: Not stated in the supplied documents

  • Before clearing, inspect suitable ground cover and bare ground for nests where recent rain has produced strong grass growth.
  • Protect active nests and the surrounding vegetation from machinery, stock and other disturbance.
  • Seek current advice if a flock is present during or after a high-rainfall event, because breeding may occur outside the usual local survey period.

Breeding habitat: Nest habitat

Nesting occurs on the ground under the cover of a bush, low branch, grass tussock or in dusty bare ground around bores. Domestic stock can trample or destroy nests, so stock access is a direct risk around breeding sites.

  • Inspect beneath bushes, low branches and grass tussocks before ground disturbance.
  • Check dusty bare ground around bores and other watering points for simple ground nests.
  • Maintain a no-disturbance area around any active nest in accordance with project approval conditions and fauna handling procedures.

Sheltering habitat: Day shelter

During the day, Flock Bronzewings rest on the ground in tussock grassland. Their shelter is therefore provided mainly by low vegetation and local ground cover rather than tree hollows or burrows.

The species rests on the ground in tussock grassland during the day. Suitable shelter may include dense tussocks, low bushes and other vegetation that conceals a ground-resting bird.

  • Retain tussock grass and low shrub cover where practicable during site preparation.
  • Check beneath and beside tussocks before driving vehicles or commencing earthworks.
  • Avoid assuming that open ground is unused, because the species may rest in dusty bare areas near bores.

Sheltering habitat: Other refuges

The supplied sources do not report use of tree hollows, burrows, caves, roost trees or measured refuge dimensions. No diagnostic scat, track or slough information is provided.

  • Record any repeated flock resting locations, sheltering tussocks and low shrubs during pre-clearance surveys.
  • Keep stock and machinery away from identified resting and nesting areas where feasible.
  • Treat watering points as potential activity areas, while recognising that widespread artificial watering has also altered the species' movements and may contribute to decline.

Threats: Habitat loss and degradation

The main risks are loss and degradation of open grassland and saltbush habitat, altered movement patterns around artificial water, nest destruction and predation. These risks can increase during a local irruption, when birds may be present in areas with few recent records.

Conversion of undisturbed habitat to pasture and agriculture has reduced suitable habitat. Overgrazing by stock and rabbits degrades grassland and can reduce food and cover. Similar habitat areas in New South Wales have been substantially changed by agricultural and pastoral use.

  • Avoid clearing intact tussock grassland, short grassy plains, saltbush plains and open woodland where practicable.
  • Limit the width of access tracks and temporary work areas through open habitat.
  • Manage stock access and rabbit impacts around retained grassland and known breeding areas.
  • Rehabilitate temporary disturbance so the grassy ground layer can recover.

Threats: Watering points and altered movement

Widespread establishment of watering points for stock has been associated with more sedentary flocks and a decline in numbers. Water points can also concentrate birds and increase exposure to disturbance, predators and nest trampling.

  • Map existing and proposed watering points within the project area and nearby habitat.
  • Assess whether new water infrastructure could change flock movements or concentrate birds in disturbed areas.
  • Keep construction activity, stock handling and vehicle movements away from active flock and nesting areas where practicable.

Threats: Predators and direct disturbance

Foxes and feral cats are identified predators. Domestic stock can trample or destroy ground nests. Clearing, earthworks, vehicles and machinery can crush birds or nests because much of the species' activity and shelter is on the ground.

  • Undertake a ground-level inspection immediately before clearing in suitable grassland and around low shrubs.
  • Apply fauna spotter catcher procedures to any active nest or injured bird encountered during works.
  • Control or exclude stock from known breeding habitat where project responsibilities and approvals allow.
  • Manage foxes and feral cats in accordance with the project's pest animal controls, particularly after high rainfall when breeding is more likely.

Threats: Fire, roads and disease

The supplied documents do not identify a specific fire regime, road mortality pattern or disease affecting the Flock Bronzewing. As a ground-feeding pigeon, it may still be exposed to vehicle strike and disturbance on roads or work tracks, so these risks should be considered site by site rather than assumed to be absent.

  • Record any birds using roads, tracks, watering points or work areas and adjust traffic controls if repeated use is observed.
  • Avoid unnecessary night works and vehicle movements near known flock or nesting locations.
  • Assess proposed fire, fuel reduction and emergency access activities for their effects on tussock cover and ground nests.
  • Follow standard wildlife disease hygiene procedures when handling birds, nests or contaminated equipment.

Survey methodology: 1. Targeted daytime searches

Survey this highly nomadic, ground-feeding pigeon in open grassland, treeless plains and open woodland, with extra attention after good rainfall when grass seed is abundant. The supplied documents do not provide a species-specific survey effort standard, so use targeted searches across suitable feeding, roosting and ground-nesting habitat, and document weather, rainfall history and search effort.

Search all suitable grassland, open woodland and treeless plain habitat on foot, including areas around water points, bores, stock routes and seed-rich grass tussocks.

Search during and after favourable seasons, especially after rainfall has produced abundant tussock grass growth, because the species can respond with large local movements and irruptions.

Record all observations, flock size, behaviour, flight direction, feeding areas, roosting areas and any signs of ground nesting.

Body length: 280 to 310 mm

Weight: Approximately 300 g

Typical habitat: Open woodland and treeless grass plains, including tussock grassland and Mitchell Grass plains

Primary food: Grass and herbaceous plant seeds; seeds may also be collected from cattle dung

  • Walk parallel transects through representative habitat and inspect open ground, tussocks, low bushes and dusty areas around water points.
  • Use a search design that covers the full disturbance footprint and a suitable retained-habitat area around it, and record the transect length, width searched, observers and time spent.
  • Repeat searches when rainfall or recent records indicate that birds may have moved into the project area.

Survey methodology: 2. Dawn and dusk observation

Use stationary observations at likely feeding, drinking, roosting and flock assembly sites because the species is terrestrial and may be missed during a general woodland bird survey.

Give priority to water points, open grassland adjoining woodland, bare ground around bores and areas with dense tussock cover.

The species is usually quiet, although a soft cooo may be heard from flocks on the ground and a displaying male may give a wok.

  • Conduct repeated observation periods at representative sites and record the start and finish time, weather, visibility, wind, rainfall history and number of birds detected.
  • Scan both the ground and low vegetation, and check birds flying into or out of the project area rather than relying only on calls.
  • Treat an absence of calls as weak evidence of absence because the species is usually silent.

Survey methodology: 3. Ground-nest and breeding searches

Inspect ground beneath bushes, low branches and grass tussocks, and inspect dusty bare ground around bores for nests or recently used nesting sites.

Breeding can follow favourable rainfall, and both parents incubate a clutch of two eggs for 16 days. Schedule an additional nest search when recent rainfall, flock activity or courtship indicates possible breeding.

Nest location: On the ground, under a bush, low branch or grass tussock, or on dusty bare ground around bores

Clutch size: Two eggs

Incubation: 16 days, with both parents incubating

  • Search slowly from a distance before entering dense tussocks or approaching a flock, to reduce the risk of flushing adults from a ground nest.
  • Mark any nest location discreetly, establish a no-entry area suitable for the site risk, and refer the buffer distance to the project ecologist or wildlife authority because the supplied documents do not specify a species-specific buffer.
  • Do not handle eggs, chicks or nesting material unless authorised under the applicable state or territory approval.

Survey methodology: Minimum effort and reporting

  • Use more than one survey visit where the habitat is suitable, the species has been recorded nearby, or rainfall has created conditions likely to attract flocks, because the species is highly nomadic and irruptive.
  • Record survey dates, observers, search methods, transect distances, observation periods, area searched, weather, recent rainfall, habitat condition, water points and all detections or non-detections.
  • Submit verified records, including photographs and precise coordinates, to the relevant state or territory wildlife database and provide records required by the project approval.
  • Report the survey limitations clearly, including any area not searched, poor visibility, access constraints, unsuitable conditions and whether the survey occurred before or after favourable rainfall.
  • Obtain project-specific advice from the relevant state or territory wildlife agency where works may affect a flock, nest, breeding site or unusually large concentration of birds.

Before habitat disturbance: Avoid and minimise habitat loss

Plan works around the species' use of open grassland, tussock cover, seed resources and ground nests. The species is listed as Endangered in New South Wales and Near Threatened in the Northern Territory, but the supplied documents do not list it under the EPBC Act.

Retain open grassland, treeless plains, tussock cover, open woodland edges, feeding areas and ground-nesting sites wherever practicable.

Avoid unnecessary clearing around bores, water points and seed-rich grassland because these areas may concentrate birds, although artificial watering points can also make flocks more sedentary and contribute to decline.

Retain connected areas of suitable grassland and open woodland around the disturbance footprint, particularly where birds are observed moving between feeding, drinking and roosting areas.

  • Use the smallest practicable disturbance footprint and place access tracks, laydown areas and compounds in previously disturbed areas where this does not remove suitable habitat.
  • Avoid converting undisturbed grassland to pasture or agriculture within the project footprint where design changes are possible.
  • Protect retained tussocks and low shrubs from vehicle movement, stock access, soil compaction and grading.

Before habitat disturbance: Approvals and environmental controls

Confirm the current state or territory listing and obtain any required threatened species, wildlife handling, nest disturbance and clearing approvals before work starts.

The supplied project material records the species as not listed under the EPBC Act and as Rare under South Australia's NPW Act in the cited project assessment, while the supplied status summary identifies Endangered in New South Wales and Near Threatened in the Northern Territory. Confirm the current legal status for the project jurisdiction before relying on either record.

Refer the project under the EPBC Act if the current national listing, project impacts or other matters require referral, even though the supplied status information says the species is not listed.

  • Include the species in the project fauna management plan, clearing permit and induction material where suitable habitat or recent records occur.
  • Define the authorised people who may search for, handle, capture or relocate birds, nests or eggs before construction begins.
  • Obtain written approval for any proposed relocation, nest disturbance or wildlife handling that is regulated in the project jurisdiction.

Before habitat disturbance: Work planning and site preparation

Plan a pre-clearance survey immediately before disturbance, with additional effort after favourable rainfall or where recent observations show flock activity.

Stage clearing so that birds can move towards retained suitable habitat rather than being surrounded by active works.

Mark approved clearing limits, retained grassland, tussocks, low shrubs, water points, nests and no-go areas on plans and on the ground.

  • Install exclusion fencing around retained habitat and identified nests where fencing will not create a collision or entrapment risk.
  • Brief operators and spotter catchers on the species' ground nesting behaviour, quiet calls and likely use of tussocks, bare ground around bores and open grassland.
  • Remove or secure food waste and prevent unapproved creation or modification of watering points that could alter flock movements.

During habitat disturbance: Daily controls and spotter catcher duties

Treat every flock and ground nest as a live work constraint. The species rests and nests on the ground, so machinery movement, vegetation removal and stock access can destroy birds, eggs or nests without obvious warning.

Complete a daily pre-start inspection of the active work area, access routes, retained habitat and exclusion fencing before machinery enters.

Use a fauna spotter catcher to inspect grass tussocks, low shrubs, dusty ground around bores and other suitable nesting sites immediately before clearing or earthworks.

Maintain direct communication between the spotter catcher and machine operator, with the operator stopping immediately when instructed.

  • Keep machinery at walking speed during initial vegetation disturbance where ground nests or birds may be present.
  • Clear progressively in short sections so the spotter catcher can inspect the next section before the machine advances.
  • Keep workers, vehicles and stock out of marked nest areas and retained habitat.
  • Reinspect areas after breaks, overnight shutdowns, heavy rain or changes in the work footprint.

During habitat disturbance: If a bird, flock or nest is found

Stop work in the immediate area if a bird, flock, nest, egg or chick is found, and keep people and machinery back until the authorised fauna professional has assessed the situation.

Do not chase, corner or repeatedly flush birds, because the species rests on the ground and may be using nearby tussocks, low shrubs or bare ground for nesting.

Have the authorised fauna professional determine whether the bird can leave safely, whether the nest is active and whether the work can be redesigned or must remain stopped.

  • Do not handle an adult, egg or chick unless the person is authorised and handling is permitted under the relevant approval.
  • Relocate a bird only where authorised, where it is safe to do so, and to nearby retained habitat that provides suitable open grassland, tussock cover and access to food and water.
  • Take injured or orphaned birds to an appropriately licensed wildlife carer or veterinarian, following the relevant state or territory wildlife procedures.
  • Record the species, number of birds, exact location, condition, action taken, release or treatment location, authorisation and people involved.

During habitat disturbance: Habitat features and stop-work triggers

Give special attention to ground nests, grass tussocks, low bushes, dusty bare ground around bores and open feeding areas because these are documented nesting or use sites.

Do not assume that the absence of a tree hollow, log or rock shelter makes the area low risk, because this pigeon nests on the ground rather than in tree hollows.

  • Stop work for any active nest, egg, chick, injured bird, flock that cannot move safely away from machinery, or unexpected concentration of birds.
  • Stop work if exclusion fencing fails, the approved clearing boundary is exceeded, or machinery enters retained habitat or a nest buffer.
  • Escalate repeated sightings, breeding activity or a large flock to the project ecologist and relevant wildlife authority before restarting in that area.
  • Do not create new watering points, grade feeding areas or remove tussock cover without reassessing the species risk.

After habitat disturbance: Post-clearance checks

Check that clearing has not removed active nests or trapped birds, then maintain retained habitat and controls through construction and operation. Because records can reflect rare irruptions, a later absence does not show that the habitat is no longer used.

Inspect the cleared boundary, access tracks, retained grassland, tussocks, low shrubs and water points after each clearing stage for birds, nests, eggs, chicks and injured animals.

Check for displaced or dead birds, damaged nests, vehicle strikes and fencing problems, and report incidents under the project fauna management plan and approval conditions.

Confirm that all temporary exclusion fencing, stock controls and no-go markers remain effective.

  • Complete a final fauna sweep before earthworks resume after a shutdown or staged clearing event.
  • Photograph and map any nest, flock concentration, injury, mortality or habitat damage with date and coordinates.
  • Provide incident and fauna records to the relevant state or territory wildlife database where required.

After habitat disturbance: Monitoring and adaptive management

Monitor retained grassland and open woodland during and after construction, with extra checks after favourable rainfall when flock numbers may increase.

Compare observations with the pre-clearance record, including flock size, use of feeding and drinking areas, nesting activity and movement through retained habitat.

  • Repeat targeted observations if birds were recorded before clearing, if a flock is found during construction, or if breeding follows favourable rainfall.
  • Adjust vehicle routes, work areas, fencing and watering arrangements if monitoring shows that birds are being displaced or exposed to injury.
  • Keep monitoring results, corrective actions, approvals, photographs and database submissions in the project environmental records.

After habitat disturbance: Offsets and residual impacts

Assess any unavoidable loss of suitable habitat, active nesting habitat or habitat used by a flock against the project approval and the relevant state or territory offset policy.

Use retained and restored habitat as the first management response, and apply an approved offset where residual impacts remain and an offset is required.

  • Document why avoidance and minimisation measures were not practicable for each residual impact.
  • Do not treat a low detection rate or a single vagrant record as proof that residual impacts are insignificant, because the species is highly nomadic and can occur in large numbers after favourable conditions.

Rehabilitation actions: Restore feeding and nesting habitat

Restore open, seed-producing habitat rather than creating dense woodland or permanent artificial watering points. Rehabilitation should reflect the local grassland, open woodland or saltbush plain community used by the species and should be checked after rainfall and during likely breeding conditions.

Re-establish locally appropriate native grasses, herbaceous plants, tussocks and low shrubs that provide seed and ground cover.

Use the original site vegetation community as the rehabilitation reference, including Mitchell Grass plains where that is the applicable regional community, rather than planting a generic woodland mix.

Retain or reinstate open ground patches and low vegetation suitable for ground nesting under bushes, low branches or grass tussocks.

  • Replace topsoil and seed-bearing material where practicable, and control weeds that reduce native grass and herbaceous seed production.
  • Do not plant dense trees across treeless grass plains or block open movement routes between retained habitat patches.
  • Reinstate natural drainage and avoid creating permanent stock watering points unless they are approved and their effects on flock movement have been assessed.

Rehabilitation actions: Protect restored habitat

Exclude stock and rabbits from rehabilitation areas while native grasses and herbs establish, because overgrazing degrades habitat and stock can trample nests.

Control foxes and feral cats in accordance with approved pest management procedures, particularly after high rainfall when breeding is likely.

Manage fire so that burning does not remove all tussock cover or coincide with active ground nesting; use the approved regional fire regime and agency advice where available.

  • Inspect restored areas for grazing, rabbit damage, weeds, erosion, vehicle access and loss of tussock cover.
  • Keep construction traffic and laydown activities out of rehabilitation areas.
  • Repair failed fencing and remove temporary infrastructure that prevents birds from using restored habitat.

Rehabilitation actions: Monitoring and success measures

Monitor vegetation establishment, native grass and herbaceous seed production, tussock cover, weed cover, grazing pressure and use by Flock Bronzewings.

Time monitoring to include conditions after favourable rainfall, because the species can be absent in dry periods and abundant during irruptions.

Documented rainfall response: Excellent seasons around Broken Hill in 1992 to 1993 produced abundant tussock grasses and attracted thousands of Flock Bronzewings

Documented threats to manage: Habitat conversion, overgrazing by stock and rabbits, nest trampling, foxes, feral cats and effects of widespread stock watering points

  • Set project-specific completion criteria for native plant establishment, stable soil, effective stock and rabbit exclusion, weed control and retention of open habitat.
  • Record Flock Bronzewing detections, flock size, feeding, drinking, nesting and movement through the restored area, but do not use non-detection alone as a failure measure.
  • Continue corrective actions until the approved rehabilitation criteria are met, and report results to the regulator or land manager where required.

Sources