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Dunmall's Snake (Furina dunmalli)

Dunmall's Snake is a small to medium-sized venomous elapid of the Brigalow Belt in Queensland and north-eastern New South Wales. It is secretive, rarely detected and associated mainly with brigalow, cypress and bulloak woodland on cracking clay soils, so clearing, linear infrastructure and removal of ground cover can affect habitat even where surveys record no snakes.

Conservation status

Commonwealth, EPBC Act 1999: Vulnerable.

Queensland, Nature Conservation Act 1992: Vulnerable.

Breeding season

Dunmall's Snake is egg-laying, but its mating, egg-laying and juvenile periods have not been recorded. Available survey guidance indicates likely surface activity from late spring to early autumn, with higher activity in early summer and the wet season, so clearing should be planned with local weather and site conditions in mind.

Reproductive mode: Egg laying

Clutch size: Average 4.3 eggs reported; 6 to 10 eggs per clutch also reported

Incubation: Not recorded

Size at hatching: Not recorded

Age at maturity: Not recorded

Nest or egg sites: Not recorded. The species has been found sheltering under fallen timber and ground litter and may use cracks in alluvial clay soils.

Breeding frequency: Not recorded

Confirm timing locally before works by considering recent rainfall, temperature, nocturnal conditions and the presence of fallen timber, ground litter or cracking clay soils.

  • Mating: No mating season is recorded for this species. All months are retained as possible because a narrower period is not supported.
  • Gravid females: Gravid females have not been reported and no months are known. Treat females as potentially carrying eggs in any month during clearing assessments.
  • Egg laying: The species lays eggs, but egg-laying months and nest sites are not recorded. All months remain possible for planning because no supported seasonal window is available.
  • Incubation: Incubation length and the location of eggs are not recorded. Eggs may be present in concealed soil or ground sites at any time, so no monthly reduction in risk can be applied.
  • Hatchlings: Hatching and juvenile emergence have not been recorded. All months are retained as possible because the incubation period and egg-laying season are unknown.
  • Active period: Available survey guidance indicates likely surface activity from late spring through early autumn, with the highest activity likely in November and December and after wet weather. The species is nocturnal and cryptic, and the monthly pattern is an approximation rather than a confirmed schedule.
  • Highest clearing risk: Clearing can remove shelter and harm snakes in every month. Risk is likely to be highest in November and December when surface activity is expected to increase, particularly after rainfall, while breeding and juvenile timing remain unknown.

Identification

Dunmall's Snake is a small to medium-sized, predominantly dark snake that is difficult to detect in the field. Identification should be confirmed from clear photographs and scale characters, particularly where other small dark elapids occur.

The species grows to about 60 cm in length. It has predominantly dark brown to black dorsal colouring and may show small yellow flecks around the temporal region and lips.

Body length: Up to 60 cm

Body form: Small to medium-sized venomous elapid

Typical colour: Predominantly dark brown to black dorsally, with possible small yellow facial flecks

Identification: Distinguishing features

The reported midbody scale count is 21. This separates Dunmall's Snake from the curl snake, Suta suta, and the eastern small-eyed snake, Rhinoplocephalus nigrescens, although occasional curl snakes may also have a similar count.

The facial pattern should be checked closely. Small yellow flecks on the temporal region and lips differ from the characteristic facial pattern of curl snakes. Other potentially similar snakes in its range include Suta carpentariae.

  • Obtain a clear photograph of the whole snake and a side-on photograph of the head.
  • Record the midbody scale count where this can be done safely and by an appropriately trained person.
  • Send photo vouchers to the relevant state fauna authority and an appropriate state museum for confirmation and databasing.

Identification: Field signs and detection

No distinctive tracks, scats, calls, nests or other reliable indirect field signs are documented in the supplied sources. The species is cryptic, secretive and very rarely encountered, so a non-detection does not demonstrate absence.

Recommended detection approaches include active searching beneath large ground objects, pitfall trapping and night driving, particularly after wet weather. The available survey guidance states that all of these methods are likely to produce low returns.

  • Treat suitable habitat as potentially occupied when clearing or construction is proposed, even if targeted surveys do not detect a snake.
  • Use fauna spotter catchers experienced with venomous snakes during habitat disturbance and keep workers clear of any snake found.
  • Do not handle a suspected Dunmall's Snake unless the person is authorised, trained and equipped to do so.

Distribution: National range

Dunmall's Snake is restricted to the Brigalow Belt of eastern Australia. Most records are from southern and south-eastern Queensland, with a smaller number of records extending into north-eastern New South Wales.

In Queensland, the species occurs from around Yeppoon in the north to Oakey, Glenmorgan and Inglewood in the south, and west to the Expedition Range. Other supplied sources describe its range as extending north to Clermont and near Rockhampton, with most records concentrated around the Darling Downs, particularly the Dalby to Tara area.

A recent New South Wales record is reported from Bebo State Forest. The species is therefore relevant to projects in the Queensland Brigalow Belt and adjoining north-eastern New South Wales, especially where suitable woodland and clay-soil habitat remains.

States recorded in the supplied sources: Queensland and New South Wales

Bioregional setting: Brigalow Belt Bioregion

Reported north to: Yeppoon, Clermont and near Rockhampton

Reported south to: Oakey, Glenmorgan and Inglewood

Reported west to: Expedition Range

Recent New South Wales record: Bebo State Forest

Distribution: Strongholds and population status

The strongest concentration of records is around the Darling Downs, particularly the Dalby to Tara area. The species also has records in brigalow, cypress and bulloak habitats elsewhere in the Brigalow Belt.

Population size is not known. The species may be genuinely scarce, and its secretive behaviour and low detection rates make abundance and trends difficult to assess. Records suggest a decline in eastern parts of its range, but the supplied sources do not provide a population estimate or generation length.

Known population size: Not reported in the supplied sources

Population trend: Not quantified; records suggest decline in eastern parts of the range

Detection confidence: Low, because the species is cryptic, secretive and rarely encountered

Habitat: Vegetation and soils

Dunmall's Snake uses a range of dry forest and woodland communities, with the strongest habitat association being brigalow on cracking black clay and clay loam soils. Advanced regrowth can remain relevant, particularly where it adjoins or links suitable habitat.

Preferred habitat appears to be brigalow, Acacia harpophylla, forest and woodland on cracking black clay and clay loam soils. The species also occurs in cypress, Callitris, and bulloak, Allocasuarina luehmannii, forest and woodland.

Other recorded habitats include woodlands dominated by wattles, spotted gum, Corymbia citriodora, ironbark, Eucalyptus crebra and Eucalyptus melanophloia, and the edge of dry vine scrub. Sandstone-derived soils may support habitat in some parts of the range.

Preferred vegetation: Brigalow forest and woodland

Other vegetation: Cypress, bulloak, wattle, spotted gum, ironbark and dry vine scrub edge

Preferred soils: Cracking black clay and clay loams

Other recorded soils: Sandstone-derived, coarse-grained sediments

Habitat: Structure and connectivity

Important habitat features include fallen timber, soil cracks and dense ground cover made up of leaf litter, rocks, coarse woody debris, fallen bark and other debris.

Suitable remnant vegetation and vegetation corridors within the species' range are treated as important habitat in the supplied EPBC assessment guidance. Advanced regrowth should not be excluded where it is adjacent to, or links, suitable habitat. Highly fragmented vegetation, particularly narrow linear strips, is considered less likely to support the species.

  • Retain fallen timber, logs, bark, litter and other ground debris during site preparation wherever practicable.
  • Map adjoining remnant vegetation, advanced regrowth and habitat corridors rather than assessing an isolated clearing footprint alone.
  • Avoid assuming that a narrow roadside or rail corridor is unsuitable if it connects larger areas of habitat.

Habitat: Elevation and climate

Most records are from low to mid elevations, with the majority reported between 200 and 500 m. The species' range is within the Brigalow Belt, and the supplied sources do not define a more specific temperature or rainfall limit.

Typical elevation of most records: Approximately 200 to 500 m

Foraging habitat: Diet and feeding

Dunmall's Snake is a terrestrial predator that reportedly feeds on small lizards and geckoes. The supplied sources do not provide a measured foraging range, prey density or detailed feeding behaviour.

The species is expected to be nocturnal and terrestrial. Its reported or expected prey consists of small skinks, lizards and geckoes.

It is likely to forage among ground litter, fallen timber, bark, rocks and other debris in woodland and forest habitat. This reflects the documented microhabitat and prey information, rather than a measured foraging study.

Recorded or expected prey: Small lizards, skinks and geckoes

Foraging period: Predominantly at night

Foraging range: Not reported in the supplied sources

  • Retain ground cover and shelter features that support small lizards and geckoes.
  • Avoid removing logs, bark, litter and coarse woody debris from habitat during construction unless removal is authorised and managed under the project fauna procedure.

Breeding habitat: Breeding information

Very little is known about the breeding biology of Dunmall's Snake. The species is reported to lay eggs, but the supplied sources do not provide a confirmed breeding season, clutch size, incubation period, maturity age or lifespan.

The only specific breeding information supplied is that Dunmall's Snake lays eggs. No nest site, egg location, clutch size or incubation details are provided.

For project planning, retain connected woodland, ground litter, fallen timber, bark, soil cracks and dense ground cover across the full year. These features may provide shelter and suitable conditions for adults and eggs, but their breeding role has not been measured for this species.

Breeding mode: Egg laying

Breeding season: Not known

Clutch size: Not reported

Incubation period: Not reported

Age at maturity: Not reported

Lifespan: Not reported

  • Treat suitable habitat as potentially supporting breeding even when no eggs or young are found.
  • Schedule clearing outside periods of high snake activity where practicable, but do not rely on seasonal timing alone to avoid impacts because breeding timing is poorly known.
  • Apply the project species management plan and approved fauna handling procedures if a snake or possible eggs is encountered.

Sheltering habitat: Known refuges

The species shelters at ground level in concealed sites. Retaining these features is important because a large part of its habitat has been cleared or modified and the snake is difficult to detect before disturbance.

Dunmall's Snake has been found sheltering under fallen timber and ground litter. It may also use cracks in alluvial clay soils.

The documented microhabitat includes leaf litter, rocks, coarse woody debris, fallen bark and other debris. The supplied sources do not give refuge dimensions or confirm use of burrows, tree hollows or constructed shelters.

Known shelter sites: Under fallen timber and ground litter

Other likely shelter features: Soil cracks, rocks, fallen bark and coarse woody debris

Refuge dimensions: Not reported

Tree hollows and burrows: Use not documented in the supplied sources

  • Search likely shelter sites beneath large logs, rocks, fallen bark and human-made debris before disturbance, using safe procedures for venomous snakes.
  • Retain large fallen timber, ground litter and natural debris in habitat areas and avoid unnecessary removal from the clearing edge.
  • Protect cracking clay surfaces from avoidable compaction, grading and infilling where they form part of suitable habitat.

Threats: Clearing and fragmentation

The main risks are loss and fragmentation of woodland habitat, removal of ground shelter and disturbance from agriculture, grazing, roads, mining, gas extraction and urban development. The species' rarity and low detectability increase the risk that impacts will occur without a confirmed sighting.

Much of the species' habitat has been cleared or fragmented, particularly in its core area on the Darling Downs. Clearing for agriculture, timber production, natural gas, coal extraction and urban development has reduced available habitat.

The EPBC assessment identified approximately 47.9 ha of primary habitat potentially affected by a proposed rail corridor, despite field surveys not detecting the species. Suitable habitat in that project occurred between 2 km south of the Belyando River crossing and 2 km north of the Suttor River crossing.

Example assessed primary habitat impact: Approximately 47.9 ha from a proposed rail corridor

Example location of affected habitat: Between 2 km south of the Belyando River crossing and 2 km north of the Suttor River crossing

  • Map and avoid suitable remnant vegetation, advanced regrowth and connecting corridors before finalising the clearing footprint.
  • Do not use a negative survey result as the sole basis for removing habitat from impact assessment.
  • Where clearing cannot be avoided, keep disturbance within approved limits and implement the project species management plan and offset conditions.

Threats: Ground disturbance and land management

Livestock grazing, pasture improvement, inappropriate roadside management and loss of fallen timber and leaf litter are identified threats. Fuel reduction burning and firewood collection can remove shelter resources.

Weed invasion and altered or drained wet areas are also identified as possible threats. The supplied sources do not describe a species-specific disease threat.

  • Retain fallen timber, litter, bark and other ground cover in retained habitat.
  • Limit stock access and avoid concentrating grazing in habitat remnants and roadside corridors where practicable.
  • Manage weeds, fire and roadside maintenance to retain shelter and ground cover.
  • Avoid unnecessary drainage, infilling or changes to surface water movement across clay-soil habitat.

Threats: Predators and roads

Predation by feral animals is identified as a threat. Increased mortality from vehicle strike is also identified, particularly because remaining habitat may occur in narrow roadside fragments and stock routes.

Construction traffic, night works and access tracks can increase the risk of direct mortality and may also remove or disturb shelter sites.

  • Include feral predator control where predators represent a demonstrated or likely on-site threat.
  • Apply low-speed fauna procedures on access roads through suitable habitat, particularly at night and after wet weather.
  • Use fauna-friendly culverts and maintain sediment, erosion, fire, weed and pest controls where these measures form part of the approved project conditions.

Survey methodology: 1. Active searching

Dunmall’s Snake is a small to medium-sized, cryptic and predominantly nocturnal elapid. No method reliably detects it, so surveys should combine targeted searches of shelter sites with trapping and night searches in suitable Brigalow Belt habitat.

Search beneath large ground objects, including logs, rocks and human-made debris, in suitable forest and woodland habitat.

Prioritise Brigalow, cypress and bulloak communities on cracking black clay or clay loam soils, and spotted gum or ironbark associations on coarse-grained sediments.

Search for sheltering snakes during the species’ likely active period, from late spring through early autumn, with peak activity expected in early summer through the wet season.

Replace every log, rock or other cover object carefully after inspection to retain shelter and soil conditions.

Survey methodology: 2. Pitfall trapping

Use pitfall trapping as a supplementary method where site conditions, approvals and animal welfare controls allow.

Position traps through suitable terrestrial habitat and near likely sheltering areas, while avoiding locations where flooding, livestock, machinery or extreme heat could harm captured fauna.

Check traps frequently and provide appropriate shelter and protection from exposure, predators and bycatch.

Expect low detection rates because the species is secretive, is not active on the ground surface by day and is rarely encountered.

Survey methodology: 3. Night road searches

Undertake night driving searches on suitable roads and tracks, particularly after wet weather, when conditions may increase surface activity.

Use a trained observer and a safe vehicle and traffic management arrangement, and do not compromise road safety or disturb fauna outside the approved survey area.

Record the location, date, time, weather, recent rainfall, habitat, direction of travel and identification evidence for every observation.

Treat suspected records cautiously because Dunmall’s Snake can resemble other small dark elapids, including curl snakes and small-eyed snakes.

Survey methodology: 4. Identification and evidence

Obtain clear photographs of the whole snake and the side of the head, showing head scales and facial markings.

Record or photograph the midbody scale count, because the species usually has 21 midbody scale rows and can be confused with similar snakes.

Forward photo vouchers to the relevant state fauna authority and appropriate state museum for confirmation and databasing.

A scale clip preserved in ethanol may assist as a genetic sample, but sampling must be undertaken only by an appropriately authorised person.

Adult length: Up to 60 cm

Typical activity: Predominantly nocturnal

Midbody scale rows: Usually 21

Survey methodology: Minimum effort and reporting

  • Use a combination of active shelter-site searches, pitfall trapping and night road searches because the survey guideline does not specify a reliable single method or a fixed number of nights, hours, trap nights or transect kilometres for this species.
  • Set survey timing and effort after mapping suitable habitat, assessing regional context and considering whether habitat is permanent, ephemeral, connected or fragmented.
  • Increase attention to suitable habitat near recent records, retained vegetation corridors and advanced regrowth adjoining suitable habitat.
  • Document the survey area, dates, start and finish times, weather and recent rainfall, methods, search effort, trap configuration, trap checks, observers, identification evidence and all fauna captured or observed.
  • Submit confirmed records, with photographs and location data, to the relevant Queensland or New South Wales wildlife database and fauna authority, as applicable to the project location.
  • Report limitations clearly, including inaccessible habitat, unsuitable weather, flooding, trap failures, low detectability and any departure from the approved survey design.

Before habitat disturbance: Avoid and minimise habitat loss

Plan works around the species’ habitat and its very low detectability. The strongest controls are to retain suitable Brigalow Belt habitat, fallen ground cover and connections between habitat patches, then use staged clearing and qualified fauna supervision.

Retain open forest and woodland dominated by Brigalow, other wattles, cypress, bulloak, spotted gum or ironbark, especially on cracking black clay and clay loam soils.

Retain fallen timber, leaf litter, bark, rocks, soil cracks and dense ground cover because these features provide shelter and foraging microhabitat.

Avoid clearing suitable remnant vegetation and corridors within the known range wherever practicable, including advanced regrowth that adjoins or links suitable habitat.

Avoid creating narrow isolated strips, because the species is considered unlikely to occur in highly fragmented vegetation, particularly narrow linear remnants.

Define and mark the approved clearing boundary before works, and keep machinery, laydown areas, access tracks and spoil outside retained habitat.

Before habitat disturbance: Approvals and project planning

Check the EPBC Act referral and approval position before disturbing habitat because Dunmall’s Snake is listed as Vulnerable under the EPBC Act.

Check Queensland or New South Wales threatened species, clearing, wildlife handling and relocation requirements for the project location.

Prepare a fauna management plan that sets out survey methods, clearing stages, spotter catcher authority, exclusion zones, handling procedures, stop-work triggers and reporting requirements.

Plan staged clearing so that the fauna spotter catcher can inspect each section immediately before disturbance and machinery can stop without affecting the wider work area.

Schedule surveys and clearing with regard to likely activity from late spring through early autumn, with particular attention to early summer and the wet season, while complying with approval conditions and weather safety requirements.

Before habitat disturbance: Pre-clearance preparation

Map and flag suitable habitat, recent records, habitat corridors, fallen timber, dense litter, rocks, soil cracks and other shelter features before clearing.

Complete a targeted pre-clearance survey using the approved combination of active searches, pitfall trapping and night searches where required by the project risk assessment or approval.

Install exclusion fencing only where it can be maintained and where it will direct fauna away from the work area towards retained habitat without trapping animals or blocking movement.

Brief all machinery operators and supervisors on the species’ appearance, its low detectability, the clearing limits, the stop-work process and the fauna spotter catcher’s authority.

Confirm that an authorised handler, suitable temporary containment equipment, a release site and veterinary or wildlife carer contacts are available before clearing begins.

During habitat disturbance: Daily clearing controls

Clearing should proceed slowly and in small stages under direct fauna supervision. Because the snake may shelter under ground debris and may be missed during surveys, machinery operators must follow the spotter catcher’s instructions immediately.

Inspect the work area each day before machinery enters, especially after rain or an overnight period when the species may be active.

Maintain clearly marked no-go areas around retained habitat, corridors and any confirmed or suspected animal location.

Clear in a direction that allows fauna to move towards retained habitat, where this is consistent with the approved fauna management plan and site safety requirements.

Keep the fauna spotter catcher in a position where they can see the clearing face, ground debris and machinery interface.

Stop machinery immediately when the fauna spotter catcher gives the stop signal, and do not recommence until the spotter catcher releases the area.

During habitat disturbance: Ground features and debris

Inspect logs, rocks, bark, litter, artificial debris and other large ground objects before they are moved or crushed.

Move habitat features only under fauna spotter catcher direction, using a slow and controlled method that avoids injuring concealed snakes and other fauna.

Retain suitable logs, rocks, coarse woody debris and leaf litter in nearby retained habitat where approved, and place them so they remain available as shelter.

Do not burn, bury, chip or remove habitat features until they have been inspected and the fauna spotter catcher confirms that no animal is present.

Control erosion, sediment, weeds and altered drainage so that retained cracking clay habitat and ground cover are not degraded.

During habitat disturbance: If a snake is found

Stop work in the immediate area and keep people and machinery away from the animal.

Do not handle, restrain, chase or attempt to identify the snake unless you are authorised, trained and equipped to do so.

Treat an unconfirmed small dark elapid as potentially venomous until a suitably qualified person confirms its identity and gives instructions.

Obtain clear photographs from a safe distance and record the location, habitat, behaviour, date, time and circumstances of the observation.

If authorised relocation is required, move the animal only to nearby suitable retained habitat identified in the fauna management plan, and keep the release location within the species’ local habitat and movement context.

Take an injured animal to an appropriately qualified veterinarian or authorised wildlife carer, following state wildlife requirements and the project’s emergency procedure.

Do not resume work until the animal has moved or has been safely handled by an authorised person and the fauna spotter catcher confirms that the area is clear.

During habitat disturbance: Stop-work records and triggers

Stop work for any confirmed or suspected Dunmall’s Snake, an unidentified snake that may be this species, an injured animal, an animal trapped in an exclusion fence or a breach of the approved clearing boundary.

Stop work if weather, flooding, poor visibility, unsafe access or machinery conditions prevent effective fauna supervision or safe searching.

Record all stop-work events, observations, photographs, capture or relocation details, injuries, deaths, release locations, personnel, approvals and corrective actions.

Notify the project environmental officer and the relevant regulator or approval holder where required by the EPBC approval, state permit, wildlife licence or fauna management plan.

After habitat disturbance: Post-clearance checks

Post-clearing work must check whether animals or shelter features were missed and must verify that retained habitat remains connected and protected. Use the project approval and fauna management plan to set the formal monitoring and notification requirements.

Inspect the cleared footprint, retained edges, access tracks and temporary exclusion fencing after each clearing stage for snakes, injured fauna, trapped animals and displaced shelter features.

Recheck retained logs, rocks, litter and dense ground cover where disturbance has occurred nearby, particularly after rain or when machinery has worked close to the clearing boundary.

Confirm that no spoil, sediment, weeds, drainage works or vehicle movement have entered retained habitat or blocked habitat connections.

Record the area cleared, habitat types affected, features retained or relocated, fauna observations, incidents and any corrective action.

After habitat disturbance: Monitoring and reporting

Monitor retained and rehabilitated habitat using repeat searches, targeted shelter-site inspections and night searches after wet weather where required by the approval or risk assessment.

Use the same locations and methods where practicable so that changes in detection and habitat condition can be compared over time.

Report confirmed records, mortality, relocation, habitat damage, failed controls and monitoring results to the project environmental officer and relevant wildlife authorities as required.

Maintain fauna controls until the risk of vehicle strike, entrapment, weed spread, erosion and unauthorised access has ended.

After habitat disturbance: Residual impacts and offsets

Assess residual impacts to Dunmall’s Snake habitat against the EPBC approval, state requirements and the project’s offset commitments.

Where an approved offset or compensatory measure applies, ensure that it protects and manages suitable habitat and addresses threats such as clearing, fragmentation, grazing, fallen timber loss, weeds, feral predators and altered hydrology.

Keep evidence of offset implementation, management actions, tenure, mapped habitat, performance measures and reporting dates.

Rehabilitation actions: Rebuild habitat structure

Rehabilitation should rebuild the ground structure and vegetation used by Dunmall’s Snake, not just establish tree cover. Prioritise Brigalow Belt plant communities, connected habitat and the shelter resources used by this nocturnal terrestrial species.

Re-establish locally appropriate Brigalow, other acacia, cypress, bulloak, spotted gum or ironbark vegetation according to the regional ecosystem and approved rehabilitation design.

Restore dense ground cover, leaf litter, fallen bark, coarse woody debris, logs, rocks and other natural shelter features in suitable locations.

Use advanced regrowth and plantings to reconnect retained habitat where the rehabilitation design can create a continuous or functionally connected corridor.

Avoid creating narrow isolated strips and avoid removing ground debris during routine maintenance unless it presents a verified safety or weed management risk.

Rehabilitation actions: Threat control

Control pasture improvement impacts, livestock access, weeds and feral predators in rehabilitated and retained habitat.

Prevent unnecessary firewood collection, fuel reduction removal of fallen timber and ground-litter disturbance within retained or rehabilitated habitat.

Manage erosion, sediment and drainage so that cracking clay soils, floodplain habitat and local hydrology are not degraded.

Inspect roads and tracks for vehicle strike risk and apply approved speed, access and signage controls where the project creates new traffic through suitable habitat.

Rehabilitation actions: Monitoring and success measures

Monitor survival and recruitment of planted vegetation, ground-cover development, leaf litter, fallen timber, shelter features, weed cover, predator activity and connectivity with retained habitat.

Use targeted active searches, pitfall trapping and night searches after wet weather when monitoring objectives and approvals require fauna detection effort.

Treat a confirmed record as useful evidence of use, but do not rely on non-detection as evidence that rehabilitation has failed or that the species is absent because the guideline reports low returns from all recommended methods.

Set project-specific completion criteria for vegetation establishment, habitat connectivity, ground shelter, weed control, erosion control and maintenance before rehabilitation begins.

Submit confirmed observations and monitoring results to the relevant state wildlife database and fauna authority, with clear location data and identification evidence.

Sources