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Common Greenshank (Tringa nebularia)

The common greenshank is a large migratory wader that visits wetlands throughout Australia, including estuaries, tidal mudflats, saltmarshes, inland rivers, billabongs and artificial wetlands. It is listed as Endangered under the EPBC Act and in the ACT, NSW, Queensland, Tasmania and Victoria, so clearing, wetland modification and disturbance at feeding or roosting sites require careful assessment.

Conservation status

Commonwealth, EPBC Act 1999: Endangered.

Queensland, Nature Conservation Act 1992: Endangered.

New South Wales, Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016: Endangered.

Victoria, Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988: Endangered.

Tasmania, Threatened Species Protection Act 1995: Endangered.

Australian Capital Territory, Nature Conservation Act 2014: Endangered.

Breeding season

Common greenshanks are present in Australia mainly from August to April, although timing and numbers vary among sites. They are usually non-breeding visitors in Australia, with some birds remaining through the southern winter at selected sites.

Month values are January to December: 0 means not typical, 1 means occurs, and 2 means peak. Local timing varies with wetland conditions, latitude, tides and migration routes.

  • Breeding: Breeding occurs in the Palaearctic from late April to June. This row describes the species' breeding season, which is generally outside its Australian non-breeding range.
  • Australian arrival and movement: Northward migration begins from March and is mainly in April. Birds arrive in Australia from August, with numbers increasing at some sites in October and November.
  • Australian non-breeding presence: Most birds occur in Australia during the non-breeding season. Birds may remain at selected wintering sites, with expected wintering numbers reached from late April to early May, and some birds present as far south as south-east Tasmania.
  • Young and dependent birds: Young are produced in the northern breeding range and follow adults south after breeding. The supplied references do not give a separate Australian juvenile dependency period.
  • Highest clearing risk: Risk is highest while birds are using Australian feeding and roosting wetlands, particularly during arrival and build-up from August to November and during northward migration from March to April. Disturbance can reduce feeding time and energy reserves even when no nest is present.

Identification

The common greenshank is a large, heavily built wader with a long, slightly upturned bill and long pale legs. It may occur alone or in small parties, and can be difficult to detect when feeding on wetland margins or roosting among other shorebirds.

Adults are grey to brownish-grey above and white below. The bill is bluish-grey or greenish-grey at the base, grading to black at the tip. Legs and feet are usually pale greyish-green or greenish-yellow.

Breeding plumage has heavier black streaking on the head, neck, breast and flanks. Non-breeding adults are plainer and paler, while juveniles are browner, more heavily streaked and have neat buff-white feather fringes.

Length: 30 to 35 cm

Wingspan: 55 to 65 cm

Weight: Approximately 170 g

Identification: Field identification

Look for a large wader with a long, slightly upturned bill, pale legs, white underparts and a contrasting dark bill tip. The species often stands at the edge of shallow water or walks through soft mud while probing and sweeping with its bill.

There is no sexual dimorphism reported. Juveniles can be separated from adults by their browner upperparts, darker head and neck, heavier streaking and buff-white feather fringes.

Identification: Field signs and similar species

The supplied references do not provide diagnostic calls, tracks, scats, feathers, eggs or other field signs. Identification should therefore rely on the bird's size, long slightly upturned bill, pale legs, plumage and wetland-edge behaviour.

The references do not give a formal comparison with similar Australian waders. Record photographs, size comparison and bill and leg colour where identification is uncertain, particularly when birds are distant, backlit or moulting.

Distribution: Australian range

Common greenshanks have one of the widest distributions of any shorebird in Australia. They occur around the coast and at inland wetlands across all states and the Northern Territory, with records extending into parts of the interior.

In Queensland, the species is widespread in the Gulf country, the eastern Gulf of Carpentaria and most coastal regions, with scattered inland records south of a line from near Dalby to Mount Guide.

In New South Wales, it occurs along most coastal regions and inland west of the Great Dividing Range, especially between the Lachlan and Murray Rivers, in the Darling-Baaka drainage basin, the Macquarie Marshes and the north-west.

In Victoria, it is widespread along the coast, especially between the Gippsland Lakes and Port Phillip Bay, and occurs inland in western Victoria and the Murray River Valley.

In South Australia, it occurs through most eastern districts, along the coast west to at least Streaky Bay and in scattered inland locations. In Tasmania, it is mainly coastal from around Temma to Hobart. In Western Australia, it occurs around most of the coast from Cape Arid to Carnarvon, including parts of the Kimberley, and is generally absent from the Western Deserts. In the Northern Territory, records are scattered through coastal and inland areas, including occasional records in the Tanami Desert, around Lake Woods, Lake Sylvester and the Barkly Tableland.

Distribution: Important areas and wetland systems

The species uses coastal estuaries, mudflats, saltmarshes and mangroves, as well as inland wetlands associated with the Murray, Lachlan and Darling-Baaka systems, Macquarie Marshes, billabongs and large rivers.

About 36 percent of the population visiting Australia is estimated to occur on inland wetlands, with the remainder on the coast. Important feeding and roosting sites are identified in the National Directory of Important Habitat for Migratory Shorebirds and may include Ramsar wetlands.

Distribution: Population and trend

The Australian population estimate is based on mature individuals and should not be treated as a count of every bird present at a particular site. Counts may vary with migration, tidal conditions, wetland availability and the number of birds that remain through winter.

Mature individuals in Australia: 23,700, with an estimated range of 16,300 to 33,400

Australian extent of occurrence: 10,200,000 km²

Australian area of occupancy: 13,000 km²

Estimated decline over three generations: Up to 60.5 percent in the most recent analysis; earlier estimates ranged from 22 to 50 percent

Recent annual change: Mean annual change of minus 4.5 percent from 1993 to 2021; minus 8.6 percent from 2012 to 2021

Habitat: Wetland types

In Australia, common greenshanks use a broad range of coastal, estuarine, freshwater and artificial wetlands. Habitat is defined more by shallow water, soft margins and nearby safe roosts than by a single vegetation type.

Habitat includes estuaries, tidal mudflats, saltmarshes, mangrove swamps, lagoons, shallow coastal pools, sandy or muddy flats, rocky wetland margins, swamps, billabongs, large rivers, ponds, reservoirs, sewage farms, saltworks, flooded crops and flooded grasslands.

The species generally avoids exposed open coastline. It uses wetlands with open muddy or shallow-water margins and may occur among sparse emergent or fringing vegetation.

Habitat: Vegetation and structure

Key habitat features include soft mud, shallow channels, exposed wetland edges, sparse sedges or other emergent vegetation, saltmarsh, mangrove margins and nearby low-disturbance roosts. Seagrass beds may be used occasionally.

Subtropical and temperate coastal saltmarsh is recognised as feeding, roosting and refuge habitat for the species, including in Gulf St Vincent.

Habitat: Hydrology and elevation

The supplied references do not give a species-specific elevation limit for Australian sites. The species uses wetlands from coastal margins to inland river, marsh and lake systems, including temporary or artificial wetlands.

Maintain natural tidal connections, wetland inundation patterns, river flows and floodplain wetting wherever possible. Drainage, filling, altered salinity and changes to sediment supply can reduce suitable feeding and roosting habitat.

Foraging habitat: Diet

Common greenshanks are carnivorous and feed along shallow wetland margins. They may feed during both daylight and darkness, so night works and lighting can also affect foraging habitat and behaviour.

The diet includes insects and their larvae, especially beetles, crustaceans, annelids, molluscs, amphibians and small fish such as mullet, clinids and tilapia. Rodents are taken occasionally.

The species depends on wetland prey communities, including macrobenthos in soft sediments. Pollution, nutrient enrichment, sediment compaction and changes to salinity or water levels can reduce prey availability.

Foraging habitat: Feeding places and methods

Common greenshanks forage in soft mud on mudflats, along channels and in shallow water at the edges of rivers, lakes, lagoons, estuaries and other wetlands. Feeding areas are often near mangroves, saltmarsh, sedges or other sparse fringing vegetation.

They pick prey from the surface, probe into mud, sweep the bill through shallow water and lunge at prey. They may walk along the shoreline and chase small fish in shallow water.

Foraging habitat: Project considerations

Retain connected shallow margins and soft sediments around waterbodies, including areas outside the main channel that become exposed during falling water levels or low tide.

Keep plant, equipment and people away from feeding margins where practicable. Avoid sediment compaction, vehicle access across mudflats, uncontrolled runoff, rubbish deposition, artificial lighting and changes to local salinity or inundation.

Breeding habitat: Breeding biology

Common greenshanks breed in the Palaearctic, not in Australia. Australian works generally affect non-breeding birds, passage migrants and birds preparing for or completing migration, rather than nests or dependent young.

The species breeds in very dispersed pairs. Breeding habitat includes boreal forest clearings, woody moorland, open bogs and marshes, and eutrophic lakes with margins of dead or decaying vegetation.

Nests are shallow scrapes on open ground, often in woodland clearings. They are commonly beside dead wood, rocks, trees, fences or sticks that may act as nest markers.

Breeding season: Late April to June

Typical clutch: Four eggs

Incubation: 23 to 26 days

Fledging period: 25 to 31 days after hatching

Age at maturity: Not stated in the supplied documents

Lifespan: Not stated in the supplied documents

Breeding habitat: Australian application

No breeding colonies or Australian breeding sites are identified in the supplied references. During Australian surveys, prioritise feeding and roosting habitat rather than searching for nests.

Breeding habitat overseas remains relevant to the species' annual cycle because loss or disturbance during migration and the non-breeding period can reduce condition, survival and later reproductive success.

Sheltering habitat: Roost types

Common greenshanks roost in open or lightly vegetated wetland areas, both along the coast and inland. Roosts can be close to feeding areas but are highly sensitive to repeated disturbance.

Roosting habitat includes estuarine mudflats, mangrove swamps, lagoons, billabongs, swamps, sewage farms and flooded crops. Coastal and inland roosts may be used during high tide, wetland inundation or other periods when feeding areas are unavailable.

The species also uses wetland margins associated with saltmarsh, shallow pools, channels and sparse emergent vegetation. No species-specific roost dimensions are given.

Sheltering habitat: Managing roosts on projects

Protect open roosting areas from clearing, filling, stockpiling, vehicle access, lighting and repeated pedestrian activity. Maintain a clear separation between active works and wetland edges where birds are present.

Use pre-clearance observations and ongoing monitoring to identify roosts that may not be obvious from vegetation mapping. A roost can be important even when it contains only a small number of birds.

Threats: Clearing and wetland modification

The main risks to common greenshanks are loss and degradation of wetlands, disturbance at feeding and roosting sites, and impacts at stopover sites across the East Asian to Australasian Flyway. Local construction can add to these pressures through direct habitat loss, hydrology change, noise, lighting and access.

Residential, commercial, port, road, marina, canal and resort development can fill, drain or fragment estuaries, saltmarshes, mudflats and other wetlands. Clearing saltmarsh, dumping rubbish, draining stormwater and altering salinity can reduce habitat quality.

Aquaculture, oyster farming, bait harvesting, vehicle compaction, nutrient enrichment and debris can modify soft sediments and inhibit shorebird foraging.

Avoid clearing or filling wetland margins, retain tidal and floodplain connections, and prevent sediment, concrete washout, hydrocarbons and contaminated runoff from entering feeding or roosting habitat.

Threats: Disturbance, roads and infrastructure

Common greenshanks are wary and may stop feeding or leave roosts when disturbed by people, vehicles, dogs, fishing, shellfish harvesting, aquaculture or construction activity. Repeated disturbance can reduce energy reserves needed for migration and may affect survival or reproductive success.

Roads, temporary access tracks and plant movements can compact mudflats, sever wetland margins and increase direct disturbance. Works near estuaries and shallow wetlands should control vehicle access, speed, lighting, noise and pedestrian entry.

Threats: Hydrology, climate and flyway threats

Alteration to the natural flow regimes of rivers, streams, floodplains and wetlands can reduce shallow feeding margins, change salinity and affect wetland prey. Reduced sediment delivery from dammed rivers and sea level rise can also shrink coastal habitat, especially where sea walls prevent wetlands moving inland.

Outside Australia, major threats include coastal development for aquaculture and industry, Spartina alterniflora invasion, pollution, hunting, drowning in fishing nets and traps, reduced river flows and sea level rise along the Yellow Sea and other stopover coasts.

Threats: Fire, predators and disease

The supplied references do not identify fire, introduced predators or disease as major species-specific threats for common greenshanks. Project assessments should still consider whether fire, smoke, predator access, domestic animals, new disease or weed introduction could degrade wetland feeding or roosting habitat.

Keep dogs and other domestic animals out of wetland roosts and feeding areas, prevent weed and pathogen transfer on vehicles and equipment, and retain natural wetland vegetation where it supports shelter or prey.

Survey methodology: 1. Map and inspect suitable habitat

No species-specific survey effort or survey guideline is provided in the supplied documents. Survey design should therefore focus on locating the shallow wetlands, mudflats, saltmarsh, mangroves, estuaries, channels and roost sites used by Common Greenshanks, and on detecting birds before works begin.

Map all coastal and inland wetlands within and adjoining the project area, including estuaries, mudflats, mangrove margins, saltmarsh, lagoons, billabongs, swamps, sewage farms, flooded crops, channels and shallow water edges.

Inspect feeding areas with soft mud, exposed channels and shallow margins, and identify nearby high-tide or dry-period roosts.

Include artificial wetlands such as ponds, reservoirs, saltworks and sewage farms in the inspection.

Use the species distribution information and local records to identify potential habitat, but do not treat broad distribution mapping as proof that birds are present at a particular site.

Survey methodology: 2. Time surveys for detectability

Survey during the Australian non-breeding period, when birds generally arrive from August and depart northwards mainly from March to April.

Repeat surveys across the period when the project may affect habitat, because numbers can increase during August and September and may increase further at some sites during October and November.

Survey both feeding and roosting areas, including at suitable tidal stages for coastal sites and when shallow water or mud is exposed.

Use quiet observation from a concealed position where possible, because Common Greenshanks are wary and may leave feeding or roosting areas when disturbed.

Typical arrival in Australia: From August

Main northward passage: March and April

Most useful local survey period: August to April, with repeat visits where works span several months

Survey methodology: 3. Conduct daytime wetland counts

Walk or slowly scan the full area of suitable feeding and roosting habitat from points that provide views without entering the wetland unnecessarily.

Record every Common Greenshank, the number of birds, behaviour, tide or water level, habitat used, disturbance response and the location of feeding and roosting groups.

Search the edges of mudflats, channels and shallow water, where the species picks prey from the surface, probes, sweeps and lunges for food.

Survey adjacent inland habitat as well as coastal habitat, because about 36 percent of the Australian population visiting Australia is estimated to occur on inland wetlands.

Australian distribution: Coastal and inland wetlands across Australia

Estimated inland component: About 36 percent of birds visiting Australia

Key feeding position: Edges of wetlands, soft mudflats, channels and shallow water

Survey methodology: Minimum effort and reporting

  • Do not report a site as free of Common Greenshanks solely because a single visit found no birds, particularly where suitable wetland or roost habitat remains.
  • Set the number and spacing of repeat visits in the project fauna survey plan, using the extent of suitable habitat, season, water conditions, tidal conditions and likely disturbance as the basis for the design.
  • Record survey dates, start and finish times, weather, tide or water level, observer names, survey route or observation points, area searched, habitat condition, birds detected and any disturbance response.
  • Submit confirmed records, including zero counts where part of a structured monitoring program, to the relevant state or territory wildlife database and the project environmental records system.
  • Retain photographs, GPS locations, maps, field sheets and copies of any permits, referrals and fauna management actions.

Before habitat disturbance: Avoid and minimise impacts

Treat Common Greenshank habitat as a project constraint before finalising the clearing footprint. The species depends on a connected set of feeding and roosting wetlands across Australia and the East Asian to Australasian Flyway.

Internationally important site threshold for Common Greenshank: More than 1,100 birds regularly supported

Nationally important site threshold for Common Greenshank: More than 110 birds regularly supported

Habitat requiring protection: A mosaic of feeding and roosting habitat

  • Retain mudflats, shallow channels, wetland edges, saltmarsh, mangroves, estuaries, lagoons, billabongs, swamps and other feeding or roosting habitat wherever practicable.
  • Avoid removing or modifying nationally or internationally important migratory shorebird habitat, including sites that regularly support more than 1,100 Common Greenshanks for international importance or more than 110 for national importance.
  • Keep feeding areas connected to suitable roosting areas and retain movement routes between coastal and inland wetlands.
  • Avoid changes to tidal exchange, wetland hydrology, sediment supply, salinity and water quality that could reduce shallow feeding habitat.
  • Keep vehicles, stockpiles, lighting, noise and personnel out of retained feeding and roosting areas.

Before habitat disturbance: Check approvals and plan the works

  • Check the current EPBC Act listing and determine whether the action may have a significant impact on the species or its important migratory habitat, including whether an EPBC referral is required.
  • Check state and territory threatened species, wildlife handling, clearing, wetland and waterway requirements before works begin.
  • Confirm the current status with the relevant government species database because the supplied documents include a draft Commonwealth assessment proposing Vulnerable and a later NSW determination listing the species as Endangered.
  • Schedule clearing and high-disturbance works outside periods when birds are using the affected wetland, where this can be done without shifting the impact to another wetland or roost.
  • Prepare a fauna management plan that identifies habitat, exclusion areas, survey methods, stop-work triggers, fauna handling authorities, wetland controls and reporting responsibilities.

Before habitat disturbance: Prepare and mark the site

  • Complete a pre-clearance survey of all wetland, mudflat, shallow-water, saltmarsh, mangrove, estuary and roost habitat that could be affected directly or indirectly.
  • Mark retained habitat, exclusion zones, access routes, lighting limits, machinery limits and no-go areas before mobilisation.
  • Install exclusion fencing where it can prevent personnel, vehicles and machinery entering retained habitat without blocking bird movement or access to feeding and roosting areas.
  • Brief all workers that Common Greenshanks are migratory wetland birds, are wary of disturbance and may stop feeding or abandon a roost when repeatedly disturbed.
  • Confirm the location and contact details of the authorised fauna spotter catcher, wildlife carer and nearest suitable veterinary service.

During habitat disturbance: Daily site controls

The fauna spotter catcher should work as part of the construction team, with authority to pause work where birds, wetland habitat or agreed controls are at risk. Common Greenshanks are usually found in open wetland margins rather than in tree hollows, so daily wetland and roost checks are central to the control system.

  • Inspect exclusion fencing, wetland buffers, sediment controls, drainage controls, stockpile locations and lighting before work starts each day.
  • Keep machinery, workers, dogs, vehicles and temporary works outside marked feeding and roosting areas.
  • Prevent sediment, concrete washout, fuels, oils, rubbish, pesticides and contaminated stormwater from entering wetlands, mudflats, channels or shallow water.
  • Keep lighting directed away from wetlands and roosts and avoid unnecessary night work beside habitat used by birds.
  • Use the fauna spotter catcher to brief operators on the daily work area, access route, exclusion zones and stop-work conditions.

During habitat disturbance: Spotter catcher and machinery protocol

  • The spotter catcher should inspect the active work area immediately before disturbance and maintain a clear view of the machinery interaction zone.
  • Use a staged approach, clearing or disturbing only the area that has been checked and released for work.
  • Stop machinery if a Common Greenshank enters the work area, is flushed repeatedly, becomes trapped, or is at risk from machinery, vehicles, personnel or altered drainage.
  • Do not chase birds through wetlands or force them from feeding or roosting habitat to keep work moving.
  • Restart work only after the authorised fauna spotter catcher has checked the area, confirmed that the risk is controlled and recorded the decision.

During habitat disturbance: If a bird is found

  • Stop the activity that presents the risk and keep people and machinery back from the bird.
  • Do not catch, handle, keep or relocate a Common Greenshank unless the person is authorised under the relevant state or territory requirements and the project approval conditions.
  • Use the least disruptive option first, such as pausing work and allowing the bird to leave towards retained habitat without pursuit.
  • If relocation is authorised and necessary, move the bird only to nearby suitable retained wetland habitat that provides feeding or roosting resources and is safe from the project activity.
  • Arrange immediate transfer of an injured bird to an experienced wildlife carer or veterinarian and minimise handling, noise, heat and visual stress.
  • Escalate any death, injury, repeated displacement, entrapment or unapproved handling to the project environmental officer and the relevant authority.

During habitat disturbance: Habitat features, triggers and records

  • Although hollow-bearing trees, logs, rocks and burrows are not identified as key Common Greenshank habitat in the supplied documents, manage them under the project fauna plan where they occur near wetlands or support other fauna.
  • Protect wetland edges, mudflats, channels, shallow water, saltmarsh, mangroves and roost sites from direct entry, infilling, drainage alteration and sediment deposition.
  • Set a stop-work trigger for any unplanned impact on a retained wetland, roost, important habitat site, bird or water-quality control.
  • Record all sightings, bird numbers, habitat used, disturbance events, responses, injuries, relocations, deaths, stop-work events, corrective actions and approvals.
  • Report incidents and monitoring results to the environmental officer, approval holder and relevant authority within the time required by the approval or permit.

After habitat disturbance: Post-clearance checks

Completion of earthworks does not end the risk. Check that retained wetlands and roosts remain usable, that birds have not been displaced by changed water levels or disturbance, and that all approval conditions have been met.

  • Inspect the work area and retained habitat after each clearing stage for injured or trapped birds, damaged wetland edges, blocked channels, sediment deposition, changed drainage and new barriers.
  • Complete a final fauna inspection before removing exclusion fencing, temporary access controls or wetland protection measures.
  • Confirm that no spoil, fill, rubbish, concrete, fuel, oil or contaminated water has entered feeding or roosting habitat.
  • Reinstate any damaged buffer, fence, drainage control or access restriction before demobilisation.

After habitat disturbance: Monitoring and compliance

  • Continue bird and habitat monitoring through the period when Common Greenshanks use the site, with repeat observations if works changed water levels, wetland area, roost availability or disturbance levels.
  • Compare bird numbers, habitat use and disturbance responses with the pre-work survey records rather than relying only on presence or absence.
  • Maintain controls for vehicles, dogs, lighting, recreation, machinery access, stormwater and sediment until rehabilitation is stable.
  • Submit required records and incident reports to the relevant state or territory wildlife database, approval authority and project environmental register.
  • Apply any required offset, conservation payment, habitat protection or other approval measure where residual impacts remain after avoidance and mitigation.

Rehabilitation actions: Restore wetland structure and function

Rehabilitation should restore the wetland functions used by Common Greenshanks, not only replace vegetation. The target is a connected mosaic of shallow feeding habitat and secure roosting habitat with suitable water, mud, sparse fringing vegetation and low disturbance.

Feeding habitat: Soft mudflats, channels and shallow wetland edges

Roosting habitat: Estuaries, mudflats, mangroves, lagoons, billabongs, swamps, sewage farms and flooded crops

Relevant Australian ecological community: Subtropical and Temperate Coastal Saltmarsh

  • Re-establish shallow water edges, soft mud, channels, exposed flats, saltmarsh and other feeding surfaces used for picking, probing, sweeping and lunging.
  • Restore natural or approved tidal exchange, surface-water flow, drainage and salinity conditions without creating erosion, prolonged deep water or a permanently dry wetland.
  • Use locally appropriate native saltmarsh, sedge, mangrove and other wetland plants where planting is required, while retaining open mud and shallow-water areas rather than densely vegetating the whole site.
  • Control weeds, including invasive cordgrass where relevant, and prevent introduced plants from replacing open feeding habitat.
  • Retain or create nearby elevated, quiet roosting areas connected to feeding habitat.

Rehabilitation actions: Manage disturbance and other fauna values

  • Keep dogs, vehicles, recreation, lighting and unnecessary personnel away from restored feeding and roosting areas.
  • Do not add logs, rocks, hollows or nest boxes as a substitute for wetland restoration unless they are required for other fauna identified in the project fauna plan.
  • Manage predators, rubbish, runoff and pest animals where they reduce roost security, water quality or wetland use.
  • Use fire planning that protects saltmarsh, mangrove margins, wetland vegetation and roost sites, and follow the relevant land manager's approved fire regime.
  • Coordinate rehabilitation with wetland managers, Traditional Owners, local government, conservation groups and relevant state or Commonwealth agencies.

Rehabilitation actions: Monitor success

  • Monitor wetland area, shallow-water extent, exposed mud, channel condition, saltmarsh or mangrove recovery, weed cover, water quality, disturbance and roost availability.
  • Survey for Common Greenshanks during the Australian non-breeding period, including August to April where the project schedule permits, and record bird numbers and habitat use.
  • Use the pre-work condition and bird observations as the baseline for judging whether the restored area is functioning as feeding and roosting habitat.
  • Set completion criteria in the rehabilitation plan, including stable wetland hydrology, functioning feeding edges, retained roost access, controlled weeds and no ongoing project-related disturbance.
  • Continue corrective works and monitoring until the agreed habitat and bird-use criteria are met, and submit the results through the project and relevant government reporting channels.

Sources