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Brush-tailed Rock Wallaby (Petrogale penicillata)

The brush-tailed rock-wallaby is a medium-sized macropod that lives in rocky country along the Great Dividing Range from south-eastern Queensland through New South Wales to Victoria. It is listed as Vulnerable under the EPBC Act, and clearing or disturbing rocky refuges, adjacent vegetation and movement routes can harm colonies on development sites.

Conservation status

Commonwealth, EPBC Act 1999: Vulnerable.

Queensland, Nature Conservation Act 1992: Vulnerable.

New South Wales, Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016: Endangered.

Victoria, Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988: Critically endangered.

Australian Capital Territory, Nature Conservation Act 2014: Endangered.

Breeding season

The species can breed throughout the year, so there is no month when clearing is free of breeding risk. The February to May peak applies mainly to cooler or higher-altitude populations.

Month order is January to December. Local survey results, camera records and advice from the relevant state authority should guide timing at each site.

  • Breeding: Births occur throughout the year. Breeding activity may peak from February to May in cooler or higher-altitude areas.
  • Young: Pouch young have been recorded every year in the Grampians population. The documents do not give a restricted season or duration for pouch dependence.
  • Movement and dispersal: The species is largely nocturnal and forages outside daytime refuges. Male progeny may move to another group or location, while females may remain in maternal groups. No seasonal dispersal period is given.
  • Highest clearing risk: Risk applies in every month because breeding and dependent young can occur throughout the year. Risk may be higher from February to May in cooler or higher-altitude colonies.

Identification

The brush-tailed rock-wallaby is a compact, agile wallaby with a long tail ending in a conspicuous brush. Confirm records carefully where the range overlaps with Herbert's rock-wallaby and other Petrogale species.

The upper body is generally brown, with a rufous to reddish-brown rump and grey shoulders. The underparts are paler, the feet and lower limbs are dark, and a pale white to buff stripe runs from the upper jaw through the cheek towards the ears. Some animals have a white chest blaze and a black stripe over the forehead and back of the head.

The ears are black outside and buff inside. The tail is long, darkens towards the tip and ends in a prominent brush. The coat is long and thick around the rump, flanks and tail base. Northern animals are often paler and have a less prominent tail brush.

Head and body: Males 52.9 to 58.6 cm; females 51.0 to 57.0 cm.

Tail: Males 51 to 70 cm; females 50 to 63 cm.

Weight: Males 5.5 to 10.9 kg; females 4.9 to 8.2 kg in the broader measurements reported for the species.

Identification: Distinguishing features

The species is generally larger than Herbert's rock-wallaby and other eastern Petrogale species. Herbert's rock-wallaby is greyer, has lighter dark markings and lacks the strongly black, bushy tail tip described for the brush-tailed rock-wallaby.

The short, broad hind feet have rough pads and a flexible central toe. These features, together with the long balancing tail, allow the animal to move rapidly across steep rock faces, ledges and boulder piles.

Identification: Field signs and survey observations

Search rocky shelter sites, ledges, boulder piles and runs for scats, tracks and rock surfaces worn smooth by repeated resting. Scat counts and scat plots are used to detect occupancy and changes in abundance.

Animals may be seen basking at daytime sunning spots or becoming active at dusk. Camera traps can be placed near refuge exits, known runs, water sources or lucerne bait stations. Cameras may also help identify individuals and pouch young.

The species has no nest, hollow or burrow. Hair identification is possible from suitable samples, but field identification should use the combination of body form, tail brush, colour pattern, habitat and genetic or photographic confirmation where needed.

  • For sites up to 5 ha, inspect all suitable boulder piles, escarpments, cliff lines, mid-level ledges, holes and caves during the day.
  • Search for tracks, scats, worn shelter surfaces and other signs of repeated use.
  • Use at least two investigators with experience in rock-wallaby terrain where the site is rugged or requires climbing or specialised safety procedures.
  • Avoid helicopter approaches close to animals because disturbance may cause wallabies to flee or fall.

Distribution: National range

The species has a fragmented distribution in south-eastern Australia. Most remaining animals occur in northern and central New South Wales, with smaller and more isolated populations in southern New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria.

Historically, the range extended from south-eastern Queensland through New South Wales and the ACT to western Victoria. The current range runs from the Grampians in western Victoria to Yarraman in south-eastern Queensland, mainly along the Great Dividing Range, with outlying populations in the Warrumbungle Ranges and Mount Kaputar.

The species has disappeared from the Darling Riverine Plains and Cobar Peneplain bioregions. Historical records include the Brigalow Belt South, Cobar Peneplain, Darling Riverine Plains, Nandewar, New England Tablelands, NSW North Coast, NSW South Western Slopes, South East Corner, South Eastern Highlands, South Eastern Queensland, Sydney Basin and Victorian Midlands bioregions.

Distribution: States and strongholds

In Queensland, known areas include Crows Nest, Flinders Peak, Glen Rock State Forest, Main Range, Mount Barney and Moogerah Peaks. In New South Wales, important areas include Wollemi and Yengo National Parks, Oxley Wild Rivers and Guy Fawkes River National Parks, Curracabundi National Park, the Clarence and Macleay gorge complexes, Jenolan Caves, Kangaroo Valley and Warrumbungle National Park.

The southern ESU occurs in East Gippsland's Snowy River National Park and in a reintroduced population in Gariwerd and the Grampians. The species has not been recorded as a wild population in the ACT since 1959, although captive animals are held at Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve.

Distribution: Population and trend

The species has declined in range by an estimated 50 to 90 percent since European colonisation. Declines have been greatest in Victoria, southern New South Wales and western parts of New South Wales. Northern New South Wales and south-eastern Queensland still contain larger metapopulations, but monitoring is difficult in remote gorge country.

Estimated total population: A 2023 estimate suggested 9,700 to 23,000 animals, with substantial uncertainty and no inclusion of animals on private land.

Estimated distribution of animals: About 92 percent in New South Wales, 7 percent in south-eastern Queensland and less than 1 percent in Victoria, based on the 2023 assessment.

Southern ESU: About 61 wild individuals were estimated in 2021, including 46 in East Gippsland and 15 in the Grampians population.

Known stronghold estimates: More than 1,000 animals were estimated in Wollemi National Park, more than 200 in Yengo National Park, about 4,409 plus or minus 1,746 in Guy Fawkes River National Park, and about 6,907 plus or minus 3,919 in Oxley Wild Rivers National Park.

Habitat: Rocky terrain

Brush-tailed rock-wallabies require rocky terrain linked to vegetation that provides food, cover and protection from predators. Colonies are often centred on complex rock habitat, but surrounding vegetation can be used extensively.

Habitat includes loose boulder piles, rocky outcrops, steep rocky slopes, cliffs, gorges, isolated rock stacks, caves, crevices, ledges and overhangs. Complex rocky refuges are used more often than simple refuges, although animals can occupy marginal rocky habitat where conditions allow.

Many colonies occur on north-facing slopes and cliff lines, but south-facing cliffs are also used in the Shoalhaven, Macleay River Gorge, Warrumbungles and Mount Kaputar.

Habitat: Vegetation communities

Associated vegetation includes dense rainforest, wet sclerophyll forest, vine thicket, dry sclerophyll forest and open forest. Dense arboreal cover, including fig trees in some areas, can be closely associated with colonies.

Vegetation on and below cliffs provides food, shelter and, in some locations, additional protection from predators. Mesic vegetation near complex cliffs, boulder piles and outcrops is an important habitat combination in the Shoalhaven.

Habitat: Site assessment points

Assess the full rocky feature and the vegetation below and around it. Do not treat an isolated shelter as the whole habitat unit, because animals may travel through surrounding vegetation to forage and may use several refuges within a home range.

The supplied documents do not give a consistent elevation limit or a single minimum refuge size. Suitability is instead linked to rocky complexity, access to food vegetation, cover and predator protection.

Foraging habitat: Foraging areas

The supplied documents describe the species as a herbivorous wallaby but do not provide a complete diet list. Foraging occurs outside daytime refuges, often in vegetation adjoining rocky shelter.

Animals forage at night in vegetation around their rocky refuges. They can use rainforest gullies, dry ridges, riverbanks, outcrops far from water, and habitat next to cleared pasture.

Foraging areas can extend away from the safest rocky shelter. Research on rock-wallabies indicates that reduced fox threat can allow animals to use a larger area and more exposed shelter sites.

Individual foraging territory: About 15 ha, with males potentially using larger areas.

Foraging habitat: Food and feeding habitat

The species feeds on vegetation, with food obtained from the plant communities on and below cliffs and around rocky outcrops. The supplied documents do not identify a definitive list of preferred food plants or quantify daily intake.

Retain connected vegetation around rocky shelters, including mesic vegetation, rainforest gullies, wet and dry sclerophyll forest, vine thickets and open forest where these occur at a site.

Breeding habitat: Breeding biology

Breeding occurs in colonies associated with secure rocky refuges and nearby foraging vegetation. Females form persistent maternal groups, while some young males leave their natal group.

Births can occur throughout the year. In cooler or higher-altitude populations, breeding activity may be concentrated from February to May. The documents do not provide a confirmed gestation length, pouch duration, age at first breeding or lifespan for this species.

Breeding habitat requires safe crevices, caves, ledges or overhangs close to vegetation used for feeding. Colonies may consist of one or several small social groups that share habitat and interact.

Breeding season: Births occur throughout the year. Breeding in cooler or higher-altitude areas may be concentrated from February to May.

Litter size: Not stated in the supplied documents.

Gestation and pouch period: Not stated in the supplied documents.

Age at maturity: Not stated in the supplied documents.

Lifespan: Not stated in the supplied documents.

Breeding evidence: Camera trapping has recorded pouch young every year in the Grampians population.

Breeding habitat: Colony structure

Colonies are generally matrilineal. They contain a small number of adults and offspring, or several such groups using the same rocky habitat. Non-dispersing daughters may inherit a territory from their mothers, while male offspring may move to another group within the colony or to another location.

Sheltering habitat: Refuge features

Daytime shelter is provided by complex rocky features rather than trees, hollows or burrows. Animals usually reuse preferred refuges within their home range.

Preferred refuges include rock crevices, caves, overhangs, boulder piles, cliff ledges and holes. Animals may also use dense vegetation and tree limbs, but rocky refuges are the main shelter type.

Wallabies habitually use the same refuges. Shelter sites with greater rock complexity provide better protection from predators and are associated with larger colonies.

  • Inspect all crevices, caves, ledges, overhangs, boulder piles and mid-level holes, not only large caves visible from ground level.
  • Check for scats, tracks, worn smooth resting surfaces and camera evidence around refuge entrances.
  • Protect the rocky refuge and the vegetation immediately below and around it, because both can provide shelter and predator cover.

Sheltering habitat: Shelter and predator risk

Increased fox predation has made less complex rocky habitat unsuitable in parts of the former range. Animals may therefore be present only in the most complex refuges even where surrounding rocky habitat appears suitable.

Threats: Clearing and fragmentation

The main risks are loss or disturbance of rocky refuges and adjacent vegetation, predation and the isolation of small colonies. Development works can remove shelter directly or reduce the amount of habitat that animals can use safely.

Clearing rocky outcrops, boulder piles, cliff vegetation or nearby foraging habitat can remove a colony's shelter and food base. Fragmentation isolates colonies and restricts movement between rocky habitat patches.

About 40 percent of recorded sites were estimated to occur on private land, so development and infrastructure planning outside reserves can affect important habitat.

  • Map rocky refuges, associated vegetation and likely movement routes before finalising access tracks, compounds, laydown areas and clearing limits.
  • Treat connected rocky features and the vegetation between them as one habitat unit where animals may move between refuges and feeding areas.
  • Avoid blasting, rock removal, vibration and night lighting near occupied or potentially occupied refuges.

Threats: Predators and competition

European red foxes are a primary threat. Feral cats also threaten the species, and unmanaged goats compete for resources and degrade habitat. Rabbits and other herbivores can contribute to competition and habitat degradation.

Fox control has been associated with increases at some monitored colonies, including Jenolan Caves and parts of Wollemi and Oxley Wild Rivers National Parks.

Threats: Fire, drought and climate

Drought, climate change and fire regimes that reduce biodiversity can lower food availability and cause colony declines. The 2019 to 2020 fires affected occupied habitat in New South Wales and Victoria.

Fire planning should consider refuge vegetation, post-fire food resources, predator access and the risk of animals being forced into exposed habitat.

Threats: Roads, works and other disturbance

The supplied documents do not quantify road-kill rates or identify a species-specific road crossing distance. Roads and construction can still increase mortality and disturbance by cutting through movement routes, increasing access for predators, and separating refuges from foraging areas.

Helicopter and other intense disturbance near cliffs can cause animals to flee and may result in falls. Construction lighting and repeated activity near day refuges may also reduce use of otherwise suitable habitat.

  • Use fauna spotters and staged clearing where rocky habitat or recent signs occur.
  • Stop work and obtain ecological advice if a wallaby, occupied refuge, fresh scats or repeated camera detections are found.
  • Schedule noisy or high-disturbance activities away from occupied refuge entrances where practicable, while recognising that births and dependent young may occur in every month.

Threats: Small colonies and genetics

Small, isolated colonies are vulnerable to inbreeding, demographic fluctuations and local extinction. The three genetically divergent ESUs should be managed separately where possible, and translocations require appropriate genetic and regulatory planning.

Survey methodology: 1. Desktop review and habitat assessment

Survey Brush-tailed Rock-wallabies where rocky habitat, shelter sites and associated vegetation could be affected by the project. Use a desktop review followed by targeted searches and non-invasive monitoring, because colonies can be difficult to detect in rugged and inaccessible terrain.

Review previous records, aerial photographs, local ecological information and relevant state databases before fieldwork.

Map complex rocky habitat, including boulder piles, cliffs, gorges, rock ledges, caves, crevices and overhangs, together with dense vegetation and likely feeding areas below or beside the rocks.

Inspect all suitable rocky habitat, including mid-level ledges and holes, because animals may shelter in features that are not visible from ground level.

Plan surveys with at least two experienced investigators where terrain is rugged or requires rock-climbing skills or specialised safety procedures.

Survey methodology: 2. Daytime searches for habitat and signs

Search during the day for scats, tracks, worn shelter sites, feeding signs and other evidence of recent activity.

Search caves, boulder piles, rock ledges, cliff-line habitat and other potential refuge sites on foot where this can be done safely.

Record the location, condition and apparent recent use of each shelter feature, and distinguish active sites from evidence of former occupation where possible.

Collect indirect evidence only where authorised, because removing pellets or other material may require a permit.

Survey methodology: 3. Basking and direct observation

Observe potential basking sites from the ground at dawn or dusk, when animals may be visible outside their daytime refuges.

Use binoculars from a position below suitable rocky habitat and avoid approaching animals or causing them to move towards cliff edges.

Aerial searches may assist with locating suitable sites in remote terrain, but ground searches are preferred for detecting animals because aircraft can frighten wallabies and may cause them to fall or be injured.

Do not conduct basking searches during hot weather or in summer conditions that increase heat and disturbance risk.

Survey methodology: 4. Scat plots and camera traps

Use scat plots where a colony is known or suspected and repeated monitoring is needed to detect changes in activity or abundance.

For the NSW monitoring approach described in the guidelines, establish 60 plots, each 1 by 2 metres, along a transect through a colony and check them monthly throughout autumn, counting and clearing Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby scats at each visit.

Place infrared camera traps at refuge exits, known shelter sites, water sources or elevated lucerne bait bags where permitted; targeting shelters and runs is more likely to detect activity than using a broad grid.

Use cameras for repeated monitoring and, where image quality allows, record individuals, sex, pouch young and recruitment.

Survey methodology: 5. Trapping and genetic identification

Use trapping for mark and recapture only when non-invasive methods cannot provide the information needed for management.

Obtain the required permits and animal care and ethics approvals before trapping, handling or collecting samples.

Treat trapping as a higher-disturbance method because setting and repeatedly checking traps in a colony can disrupt animals and habitat.

Consider genetic identification from epithelial cells on pellets where individual identification, population size or genetic information is required and the method is authorised.

Survey methodology: Minimum effort and reporting

  • Complete the desktop review and habitat assessment before deciding that a site is unsuitable or unoccupied.
  • Survey all rocky habitat within the disturbance footprint and any connected rocky habitat that may be affected by noise, access or changes to vegetation cover.
  • Repeat surveys where access, weather, dense vegetation or limited visibility could reduce detection, and state those limitations in the report.
  • Use the relevant state survey and animal welfare approvals, and confirm whether permits are needed for trapping, handling, collecting pellets or working in reserves.
  • Record survey dates, start and finish times, weather, observers, methods, effort, locations, habitat features, all signs and all negative results.
  • Submit confirmed records and significant survey results to the relevant state or territory wildlife database, and provide records required by the project approval or land manager.

Before habitat disturbance: Avoid and minimise

Treat occupied or potentially occupied rocky habitat as a high-risk fauna constraint. The species is nationally Vulnerable and is listed as Endangered in the ACT and NSW, Vulnerable in Queensland and Critically Endangered in Victoria.

  • Redesign the disturbance footprint to retain complex rocky refuges, including boulder piles, cliffs, ledges, caves, crevices, overhangs and rock stacks.
  • Retain dense vegetation on and below cliffs and around rocky refuges because it provides food, shelter and some protection from predators.
  • Maintain connected habitat between colonies, rocky refuges and nearby feeding areas; do not isolate a retained refuge with roads, cleared ground, fencing or construction compounds.
  • Do not assume that a site is unused because no animal is seen during one inspection, particularly where the terrain is inaccessible or the colony is small.
  • Protect known colonies from additional fox, feral cat, goat and rabbit impacts, and prevent project activities from increasing access by predators or herbivores.

Before habitat disturbance: Approvals and planning

  • Check whether the proposed action may have a significant impact on the nationally listed species and obtain project-specific advice on an EPBC Act referral before works begin.
  • Check the current ACT, NSW, Queensland and Victorian requirements that apply in the project area, including threatened species permits, wildlife handling authorities, reserve approvals and animal care and ethics approvals.
  • Prepare a fauna management plan that identifies habitat constraints, survey results, exclusion areas, spotter catcher responsibilities, stop-work triggers, rescue arrangements and reporting requirements.
  • Plan staging so that the smallest practicable area is opened at one time and retained habitat remains available throughout the works.
  • Schedule the most disruptive activities outside periods of known local sensitivity where practicable; births occur throughout the year, and groups at cooler latitudes or higher altitudes may reproduce from February to May.

Before habitat disturbance: Pre-clearance and site preparation

  • Complete a pre-clearance survey using the methods appropriate to the habitat and project risk, including daytime searches of all rocky features and targeted camera monitoring where access allows.
  • Mark retained rocky refuges, active shelter sites, access routes, feeding vegetation and no-go areas before machinery arrives.
  • Install exclusion fencing only where it will not block movement between retained refuges and feeding areas, and inspect it for gaps, entrapment risks and impacts on access to habitat.
  • Brief all operators on the species identification, habitat features, exclusion zones, stop-work triggers and the requirement to follow the fauna management plan.
  • Confirm a nearby, connected release area before any authorised rescue or relocation is attempted.

During habitat disturbance: Daily controls and machinery interface

Use active supervision whenever machinery or personnel enter potential Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby habitat. The fauna spotter catcher must be able to stop work before a refuge, animal or connected habitat feature is disturbed.

  • The fauna spotter catcher must inspect the daily work area before machinery starts and confirm that exclusion zones, access routes and refuge protections remain intact.
  • Keep machinery, workers, lighting, vibration and vehicle movements outside retained rocky refuges and marked habitat unless the approved method specifically allows entry.
  • Move machinery slowly near boulder piles, cliffs, ledges, caves and dense vegetation, and allow the spotter catcher to inspect areas that cannot be seen from the operator’s position.
  • Stage clearing from the least suitable edge towards retained habitat only where the approved plan supports this direction and the spotter catcher can maintain a safe escape route.
  • Stop work immediately if an animal, occupied refuge, fresh sign indicating current use, injured fauna or unapproved habitat feature is encountered.

During habitat disturbance: Handling habitat features

  • Do not move, crush or bury boulders, rock piles, ledges, caves or overhangs identified as current or potential refuges without approval under the fauna management plan.
  • Inspect logs, debris, vegetation mats and ground crevices before removal, even though the species is primarily associated with rocky habitat.
  • Retain vegetation on and below rocky habitat where practicable, and avoid dropping material onto ledges, caves, refuge entrances or feeding areas.
  • If a rock feature must be disturbed, use a staged, supervised method that allows the spotter catcher to check each section before machinery proceeds.
  • Do not create a barrier between a colony and its feeding habitat, water sources or alternative refuges.

During habitat disturbance: Animal response and stop-work procedure

  • If a Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby is found, stop nearby work, keep people and machinery back, and allow the animal to move towards retained rocky habitat without pursuit.
  • Only an appropriately authorised and experienced person may capture, handle or relocate the animal, and trapping or handling must comply with permits and animal care and ethics requirements.
  • Use relocation only when the animal cannot safely remain in place and move it to nearby retained habitat that is connected to suitable rocky refuge and feeding vegetation.
  • Do not relocate an animal to an isolated rock feature, across cleared ground or outside its local area without specific approval and expert direction.
  • Take injured animals to an appropriately experienced veterinarian or authorised wildlife carer, and keep the animal quiet, secure and minimally handled while transport is arranged.
  • Record the species, location, time, condition, action taken, release location, people involved and permit or approval details.

After habitat disturbance: Post-clearance checks

Post-clearance work must confirm that no animals or active refuges were missed and that retained habitat remains functional. Continue controls until the project ecologist confirms that the risk has ended.

  • Inspect the cleared area and the edges of retained rocky habitat for animals, fresh scats, tracks, injured fauna and blocked refuge entrances.
  • Check that machinery has not damaged boulder piles, caves, ledges, overhangs, dense vegetation or access routes between refuges and feeding areas.
  • Repeat targeted camera monitoring or scat searches where pre-clearance records indicated a colony, active refuge or uncertain occupancy.
  • Keep exclusion fencing, no-go markers and access controls in place until the fauna management plan’s completion criteria are met.

After habitat disturbance: Monitoring and reporting

  • Monitor retained colonies and nearby habitat where the project could affect refuge availability, vegetation cover, predator access, noise, vibration or movement between colonies.
  • Use the same camera, scat or direct observation method before and after works where possible so changes in detection are interpretable.
  • Report all observations, rescues, injuries, mortalities, relocations, stop-work events, habitat damage and corrective actions to the project ecologist and approval agencies where required.
  • Update the relevant state or territory wildlife database with confirmed records and submit any EPBC Act reports required by the approval.

After habitat disturbance: Offsets and corrective action

  • Apply any approved offset, restoration or conservation measure required by the EPBC Act or state approval.
  • If monitoring identifies loss of a refuge, colony decline, increased predator activity or blocked connectivity, implement the approved corrective action and seek approval before changing the management method.
  • Do not use an offset as a substitute for avoiding direct disturbance to occupied or suitable rocky habitat.

Rehabilitation actions: Restore refuge and feeding habitat

Rehabilitation should restore the combination of rocky refuge, nearby vegetation and safe movement routes used by the species. Prioritise protection and natural recovery of existing habitat before constructing replacement features.

  • Reinstate boulders and rock features only where the approved design provides stable caves, crevices, ledges, overhangs and escape routes comparable to the local habitat.
  • Replace disturbed vegetation on and below rocky habitat with locally appropriate native vegetation that restores shelter and feeding cover.
  • Reconnect retained rocky refuges with adjacent vegetation and avoid creating cleared strips that expose animals to predators.
  • Retain or reinstate suitable logs and ground cover where they form part of the local shelter structure, while ensuring they do not block active refuge entrances.
  • Do not install nest boxes as a default measure, because the species uses rocky refuges rather than tree hollows as its main shelter.

Rehabilitation actions: Predator, herbivore and fire management

  • Control or exclude European red foxes and feral cats around retained and restored colonies in accordance with approved programs and permit conditions.
  • Manage feral goats, rabbits and other herbivores where they compete for resources or degrade vegetation around rocky habitat.
  • Design fire management with the relevant land manager so that fire regimes do not remove refuge-associated vegetation or cause avoidable loss of biodiversity.
  • Maintain predator control and habitat protection long enough to support recovery of small, isolated colonies, rather than ending controls when construction is complete.

Rehabilitation actions: Monitoring and success measures

  • Set site-specific success measures before rehabilitation begins, including stable or increasing use of retained refuges, continued movement between refuge and feeding areas, and no project-related injury or mortality.
  • Use repeat camera monitoring, scat plots or direct observations at the same locations and with comparable effort to measure occupancy and activity over time.
  • Where scat plots are used, apply the documented NSW approach of 60 plots, each 1 by 2 metres, checked monthly throughout autumn, unless the approving authority specifies another design.
  • Record rehabilitation completion, habitat features reinstated, vegetation establishment, predator and herbivore control, monitoring results and any remedial works.
  • Review results with the project ecologist and land manager, and repair failed rock structures, fencing, plantings or access controls.

Sources